His bundle pacing: a new look at the method

Recently, His bundle pacing (HBP) has become a possible alternative to aright ventricular (RV) api­cal pacing, as well as biventricular pacing, which implements a nearly physiological impulse propa­gation throughout the cardiac conduction system. According to the guidelines of the HBP working group [1], the bundle of His (BH) is a part of the atrioventricular (AV) node, the pacing of which leads to functional involvement of the left and right bundle branches without decrement. Modern active fixation leads and delivery systems make it possible to suc­cessfully provide stable long-term HBP. According to the meta-analysis with 1438 patients from 16 cen­ters [2], the median success rate of permanent pace­maker implantation using a HBP is 84,8%; the mean pacing threshold during insertion and after 3 months of follow-up is 1,17 V and 1,79 V, respectively.

Anatomical organization

The BH is located in the membranous part of the interventricular septum (IVS), and its proximal part is in the right atrial part, above the tricuspid valve (TV). Then the BH passes into the ventricular part of IVS, dividing into left and right branches. There are 3 most common types for BH location [3]. Type 1 (46,7% of cases) — BH spread along the lower border of the membranous part of IVS and is covered with a thin layer of myocardial fibers extending from the muscular to the membranous part of IVS. Type 2 (32,4% of cases) — BH takes place in the muscular part of IVS, away from the lower border of the membranous part. Type 3 (21,0% of cases) — BH is not covered by the myocardium and passes over the membranous part of IVS. There are also rarer types of locations, including when the BH is displaced mainly to the left side of IVS. The BH has a length of 2,3±0,4 mm and a width of 7,3±1,2 mm [4]. His bundle positioning of the lead is shown in Figure 1.

Special devices and insertion technique

For HBP, both standard active fixation leads and a special lead, which is arranged like an inner cable, are used; its outer diameter is 4,2 Fr. This lead has no internal lumen; therefore, a delivery system is required for implantation. The most commonly used delivery system is 43 cm long with an inner diameter of 5,5 Fr and an outer diameter of 7,0 Fr. It also has two curvatures: the first is designed to reach the top of TV ring, and the second directs the lead perpen­dicular to the IVS. An alternative delivery system is mainly used for abnormal cardiac anatomy (enlarged right atrium, low-lying BH, etc.) [5]. Once the above delivery systems and leads were introduced into clini­cal practice [6], the success rate of the procedure reached 92,1% compared to earlier studies — 54,6% (p<0,001) [2], which led to the active spread of this technique. During implantation, it is necessary to use an analyzer that allows evaluating unipolar electro­grams (EG) and monitoring the pacing parameters. To correctly assess the lead localization, it is neces­sary to duplicate the signal from the electrode to the electrophysiology recording system; it is important to use 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG) [7].

After obtaining vascular access, a guidewire is inserted into the right heart, along which the deliv­ery system is installed, after which the guidewire is removed. The lead is then inserted into the delivery system so that its coil extends slightly outside the distal part of the system, which is monitored by fluo­roscopy. Clockwise rotation of the entire structure allows the system to move closer to the ventricle, and counterclockwise rotation — to the right atrium. To facilitate locating, an electrophysiological cathe­ter can be inserted into the BH area using a femo­ral approach. The implantation of the lead into the BH area is mainly based on the electrophysiologi- cal mapping. It is necessary to achieve the atrial/ ventricular ratio of 1:2. It is also very important to obtain a clear BH signal since this shows that the lead coil adequately contacts with the IVS.

Once a suitable site has been found, the tissue response to pacing can be assessed. It is recom­mended to start pacing with an amplitude of 5 V and a pulse width of 1 ms. A threshold of less than 2 V/1 ms is considered acceptable by most research­ers [7]. In the future, it is recommended to program the stimulus amplitude at least 1 V above the pacing threshold value [8]. Next, the lead is fixed as follows: holding the delivery system in the left hand, the lead is screwed 4-5 times clockwise with the right hand. The presence of the BH current of injury (occurs in 40% of cases) indicates a subsequent decrease in the pacing thresholds and is a favorable prognostic factor [9] (it is recommended to change high-pass filter settings from 30 Hz to 0,5 Hz, which will pro­vide a better quality of the BH signal) [1].

According to the multicenter analysis, there is a learning curve for this technique: after about 40 implantations performed, the fluoroscopy duration decreases, operators more often refuse to use backup pacing lead, and the stimulation thresholds become lower [10].

Pacing types

There are two main types of HBP [1]: selective (S-HBP) and non-selective (N S-HBP). Differen­tiation between these types of pacing is carried out depending on the presence of conduction defects throughout the His-Purkinje system and using 4 main criteria:

1. The ratio of the pacing spike-QRS (S-QRS) intervals, which is measured from the pacing spike to the QRS complex beginning on the ECG, and H-QRS, which is measured from the HB signal on the EG to the QRS beginning on the ECG;
2. Presence/absence of direct capture of the local ventricular EG on the unipolar signal from the lead;
3. Morphology and duration of the QRS complex;
4. The value of the lead thresholds and their dynamic change. Depending on the overcoming of previous conduction defect, pacing can be with cor­rected conduction or without it, which also affects the interpretation of ECG and EG data during device implantation and/or further follow-up.

The selectivity of the HB capture depends on the individual anatomical features, the impulse ampli­tude, and the lead location relative to the HB, the surrounding atrial or ventricular tissue [11].

With S-HBP, ventricular excitation occurs only through the BH, and the following signs are revealed:

3. The S-QRS and H-QRS intervals are approxi­mately equal to each other. In patients with impaired conduction in the His-Purkinje system, the S-QRS interval may be shorter than the H-QRS interval, which is associated with the excitation of latent fas­cicular tissue and conduction correction;
4. The local ventricular EG is separated from the pacing spike;
5. Paced QRS complexes do not differ from native ones in morphology. In patients with impaired conduction in the His-Purkinje system, the paced complex may be narrower than the baseline one with bundle-branch block or an escape rhythm, which is associated with conduction correction;
6. Usually, one pacing threshold (S-HBP) is determined, but in patients with conduction defects in the His-Purkinje system, 2 pacing thresholds will be determined — with and without conduction defect correction. Figure 2 shows an example of S-HBP in combination with the right bundle-branch block.

With NS-HBP, there is a combination of impulse conduction throughout the BH and the adjacent ventricular tissue:

1. The S-QRS interval is usually equal to zero; there is a pseudo-delta wave that reflects the ven­tricular excitation. During implantation and pro­gramming, 12-lead ECG should be used, since the pseudo-delta wave in some leads may be isoelectric;
2. The local ventricular EG is directly captured by the pacing spike and is not a discrete component;
3. The paced QRS complex is usually wider than the native one, if initially there was no con­duction defect in the His-Purkinje system due to additional activation of the adjacent ventricular tissue. The electric axis of the QRS complex will coincide with the native one; after the pseudo­delta wave, a dV/dt increase will be noted, which indicates the involvement of the cardiac conduc­tion system [1]. A sharper QRS deviation (higher dV/dt values) will help to distinguish nS-HBP from septal pacing, which, however, can cause dif­ficulties in clinical practice. If initially there was a defected conduction in the His-Purkinje system, the QRS complex may be narrower than the native one, which is associated with the correction of bundle branch block;
4. If initially there were no conduction defects, 2 pacing thresholds are usually determined: capture of RV and BH. The HBP threshold may be higher or lower than the RV lead threshold. In patients with initially impaired conduction, 3 pacing thresholds can be identified in various combinations: RV cap­ture, BH capture with and without branch block correction. Figure 3 shows an example of NS-HBP.

In long-term follow-up of patients with de novo implanted devices, there were no significant diffe­rence in mortality and hospitalization rates due to heart failure (HF) between NS-HBP and S-HBP.

Indications for HBP

It has been shown that apical RV pacing can lead to pacing-induced cardiomyopathy [13]. The inci­dence of this condition varies from 12,3% to 20,5% according to different sources [11][12][13][14]. Studies show that even a pacing proportion >20% is associated with the development of pacing-induced cardiomyo­pathy [14]. RV pacing from alternative sites (RV outflow tract, upper IVS) also does not rule out pacing-induced cardiomyopathy [15].

In the study comparing NS-HBP and S-HBP with IVS pacing, according to SPECT/MRI system, left ventricular (LV) synchronization was higher with HBP compared with IVS pacing [16].

Currently, the following groups of indications for HBP can be distinguished:

1. Alternative to RV pacing

The study with 765 patients and a follow-up period of 725 ±423 days compared RV and HBP pacing. The latter was successful in 92% of cases. Analysis of primary endpoints (mortality, hospita­lization rate due to HF, and replacement rate with biventricular pacing system), the HBP group (83 of 332 people, 25%) had a significantly lower number of these events than the RV group (137 of 433, 32%; hazard ratio 0,71, 95% confidence interval 0,534­0,944; p=0,02); there was also a trend towards a mortality decrease [17]. The success does not appear to differ in patients with nodal and infranodal AV block [18].

In the study evaluating the long-term 5-year out­comes of HBP versus RV pacing after implantation, both lead revision (6,7% vs 3%) and device replace­ment (9% vs 1%) were required more frequently in the HBp group [19].

2. Pacing after Av node destruction

The indications for AV node destruction followed by pacemaker implantation are reflected in the 2018 American Heart Association guidelines and the 2019 European Society of Cardiology guidelines [20][21]. AV node destruction may be considered in cases where the atrial fibrillation cannot be controlled by other means.

The first successful HBP use in clinical practice was described by Deshmukh P, et al. in 2000 [22] in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation, cardio­myopathy, and without widened QRS complex. During the follow-up period, there was an increase in the ejection fraction (EF) and a decrease in the LV size.

In more recent studies [23], where lead implanta­tion was accompanied by the AV node destruction, successful HBP was achieved in 95% of cases. The pacing threshold during implantation was 1+0,8 V/1 ms, and at a follow-up period of 19± 14 months, it increased to 1,6± 1,2 V/1 ms. LVEF increased from 43± 13% to 50± 11% (p=0,01), and HF class decreased from 2,5+0,5 to 1,9+0,5 (p=0,04).

3. Cardiac resynchronization therapy

James TN and Sherf L in 1971 determined that BH cells have longitudinal localization mainly, which distinguishes the HB beginning from the AV- node cells; cells are initially predisposed to the right or left branch, and between their tracts there are connective tissue septa [24]. Later, this theory was also confirmed by Narula OS in 1977: in a patient with left bundle branch block (LBBB), pacing of the BH distal part led to a complex narrowing and elimi­nation of branch block, suggesting a possible more proximal nature of LBBB [25]. However, it is known that there are cross-links between longitudinal fibers in the BH [26].

In the study aimed at analyzing the block level, an electrophysiological examination in patients with LBBB revealed that the proximal left branch lesion is the most common type (46%), and, accordingly, in most cases can be corrected using HBP. However, in 36%, there is a distal Purkinje fiber defect, which can­not be changed by HBP. It should be noted that distal and proximal defects can coexist in one patient [27].

Despite the development of biventricular pacing techniques, the incomplete response rate to resyn­chronization therapy remains 30-40% [28]. The study by Barba-Pichardo R, et al. (2013) described the first clinical cases of HBP in patients who had indications for resynchronization therapy, but the coronary sinus cannulation was not possible [29]. During the study, the authors noted a significant QRS narrowing. Lustgarten DL, et al. (2015) in a prospective crossover study compared the outcomes of HBP and biventricular pacing [30]. There was an improvement in LVEF and a decrease in HF class in the groups with biventricular pacing and HBP, but no differences were found between the two stu­died methods. The study in acute implantation has revealed the advantage of HBP over biventricular pacing [31].

In the randomized HIS-SYNC trial [32], it was demonstrated that patients with HBP had better resynchronization rates based on ECG results; their echocardiographic response was higher but this dif­ference was not significant. The main reason for the failure and switching from HBP to biventricular pacing was the intraventricular conduction defect associated with a distal lesion. In this regard, the HIS-SYNC 2 trial is planned, which will not include patients with impaired intraventricular conduction.

In addition, HBP is a promising direction for the treatment of patients with RBBB and decreased EF.

In the study by Sharma PS, et al. (2018) [33], it was shown that HBp led to a QRS narrowing and LVEF increase. However, no direct comparison with biven­tricular pacing was made.

Another promising area of HBP is His-opti­mized cardiac resynchronization therapy. In the study, patients with indications for resynchroniza­tion therapy and nonresponders to standard biven­tricular pacing were implanted with a LV and HB leads, which provided a different excitation vector. The successful implantation rate was 93%; echocardiographic performance improved in all patients who underwent insertion; 28% of patients had an increase in LVEF by more than 20%; 84% of patients achieved class I HF [34].

4. Continuous pacing in patients with a mechanical TV prosthesis

Due to the impossible delivery of the lead into the RV through a mechanical valve prosthesis, HBP from the right atrium provides ventricular pacing in such patients. There are few cases of such implanta­tions [35]. Since the reliability of the technique has not been investigated in this group of patients, in the described cases, a backup LV lead was always implanted.

Limitations of the technique

The failure rate of HBP ranges from 10 to 15%. There are the following reasons: high pacing thresh­olds; the history of TV replacement; the impossibi­lity of reliable lead fixation; low ventricular sensi­tivity; atrial oversensing; atrial pacing; permanent intraoperative RBBB (3%) [36]. Also, the failure reasons can be imperfect delivery system and lead design (the lead has no stylet lumen, which makes it difficult to control); anatomical features of the BH (small size, atypical location from the LV side); lead dislocations.

Device programming for His bundle pacing

At the moment, there are no devices specifically adapted for HBP. Some authors suggest develo­ping optimal intervals appropriate for specific clini­cal cases involving HBP [37]. The main factors on which the selected program of device will depend [8]:

• Indications for implantation;
• Presence of a backup RV lead;
• Baseline rhythm of a patient;
• Port where the HBP lead is connected.

Lead extraction

To date, the experience of HBP lead extraction has been described in only one single-center retro­spective study [38]. The most common indication for extraction was extra high pacing thresholds (74%), and their increase is most likely caused by lead microdislocation. Successful extraction was achieved in 97% of cases. Lead reimplantation was performed in 22 patients, with success in 19 cases.

Conclusion

HBP is a promising, rapidly developing area that can change our views on pacing, in particu­lar on resynchronization therapy. Many experienced operators note the equipment imperfection, but the available tools allow in the vast majority of cases to achieve the desired result.

If earlier the resynchronization therapy included only biventricular pacing, now there are following new approaches: HBP, LBB pacing, and LV endo­cardial pacing. Perhaps the next stage in cardiac ele­ctrotherapy development will be a more detailed non-invasive assessment of the heart’s electrical activity, followed by an individual selection of the device and pacing technique.