<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">russjcardiol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский кардиологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Cardiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-4071</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7620</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6069</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">GFQSRX</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">russjcardiol-6069</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МНЕНИЕ ПО ПРОБЛЕМЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OPINION ON THE ISSUE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Можно ли добиться обратного развития атеросклеротических поражений при длительном лечении аферезом липопротеидов?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Is it possible to regress atherosclerotic lesions with long-term treatment with lipoprotein apheresis?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1584-5693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юлиус</surname><given-names>Ульрих</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Julius</surname><given-names>Ulrich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Профессор, Центр липидологии и афереза липопротеинов, III отделение внутренней болезней.</p><p>Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Дрезден</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dresden</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ulrich.julius@ukdd.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Целмин</surname><given-names>Сергей</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tselmin</surname><given-names>Sergey</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Н. с., Центр липидологии и афереза липопротеинов, III отделение внутренней болезней.</p><p>Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Дрезден</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dresden</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Sergey.Tselmin@uniklinikum-dresden.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2231-4695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнева</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneva</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корнева Виктория Алексеена — к. м. н., доцент кафедры факультетской терапии, фтизиатрии, инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии медицинского института.</p><p>Петрозаводск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petrozavodsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vikkorneva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университетская клиника им. Карла Густава Каруса при Техническом университете Дрездена</institution><country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Center for Lipidology and Lipoprotein Apheresis, Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital of the Dresden University of Technology</institution><country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО Петрозаводский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Petrozavodsk State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>6069</fpage><lpage>6069</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юлиус У., Целмин С., Корнева В.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юлиус У., Целмин С., Корнева В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Julius U., Tselmin S., Korneva V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/6069">https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/6069</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье представлены последние данные о влиянии афереза липопротеидов (АЛ) на атеросклеротические поражения артериальной стенки. Некоторые исследования с использованием современных диагностических методов визуализации (таких как внутрисосудистое ультразвуковое исследование или магнитно-резонансная томография) четко продемонстрировали регрессию атеросклеротической бляшки (АСБ). При коронарной ангиографии также наблюдалось обратное развитие или, по крайней мере, замедленное прогрессирование АСБ. Регрессия АСБ, вероятно, приводит, в свою очередь, к снижению частоты возникновения атеросклеротических сердечно-сосудистых осложнений (АССО), хотя это предположение еще не в полной мере доказано. Последние данные указывают на то, что снижение уровней холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности и липопротеида(а) не является основным фактором уменьшения частоты АССО у больных, проходящих экстракорпоральное лечение. Наиболее значимыми факторами риска являются в данном случае пожилой возраст и большее количество АССО, наблюдавшихся до начала АЛ, а также курение. Необходимо проведение новых исследований с использованием современных диагностических методов визуализации у пациентов с АЛ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article presents the up-to-date information on the effect of lipoprotein apheresis (LA) on atherosclerotic lesions. Some studies using modern diagnostic imaging techniques (such as intravascular ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging) have clearly demonstrated plaque regression. Coronary angiography has also seen reversal or at least slow plaque progression. Plaque regression likely leads to a decrease in the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events (CVEs). However, this has not yet been fully proven. Recent data indicate that reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) levels is not a major factor in reducing the incidence of atherosclerotic CVEs in patients undergoing extracorporeal treatment. The most significant risk factors in this case are older age and a greater CVE rate observed before the start of LA, as well as smoking. New studies using modern diagnostic imaging methods in patients receiving LA are necessary.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклеротические сердечно-сосудистые осложнения</kwd><kwd>атеросклеротическая бляшка</kwd><kwd>аферез липопротеидов</kwd><kwd>гиполипидемические препараты</kwd><kwd>регрессия</kwd><kwd>диагностические методы визуализации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerotic cardiovascular events</kwd><kwd>atherosclerotic plaque</kwd><kwd>lipoprotein apheresis</kwd><kwd>lipid-lowering agents</kwd><kwd>regression</kwd><kwd>diagnostic imaging methods</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Julius U. History of lipidology and lipoprotein apheresis. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.034.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Julius U. History of lipidology and lipoprotein apheresis. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.034.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thompson GR. LDL apheresis. Atherosclerosis. 2003;167(1):1-13. doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00251-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thompson GR. LDL apheresis. Atherosclerosis. 2003;167(1):1-13. doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00251-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dawson L, Lum M, Nerleker, N, et al. Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:66-82. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dawson L, Lum M, Nerleker, N, et al. Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:66-82. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingel R, Heibges A, Fassbender C. Lipoprotein apheresis results in plaque stabilization and prevention of cardiovascular events: comments on the prospective Pro(a)LiFe study. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2015;10:46-50. doi:10.1007/s11789-015-0068-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingel R, Heibges A, Fassbender C. Lipoprotein apheresis results in plaque stabilization and prevention of cardiovascular events: comments on the prospective Pro(a)LiFe study. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2015;10:46-50. doi:10.1007/s11789-015-0068-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nissen SE, Tuzcu, EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071-80. doi:10.1001/jama.291.9.1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nissen SE, Tuzcu, EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1071-80. doi:10.1001/jama.291.9.1071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on reg­ression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1556-65. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, et al. Effect of very high-intensity statin therapy on reg­ression of coronary atherosclerosis: the ASTEROID trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1556-65. doi:10.1001/jama.295.13.jpc60002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, et al. Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2078-87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110874.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, et al. Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2078-87. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110874.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park SJ, Kang SJ, Ahn JM, et al. Effect of Statin Treatment on Modifying Plaque Composition: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1772-83. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park SJ, Kang SJ, Ahn JM, et al. Effect of Statin Treatment on Modifying Plaque Composition: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:1772-83. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Underhill HR, Yuan C, Zhao XQ, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on carotid plaque morphology and composition in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging trial. Am Heart J. 2008;155:584 e1-8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Underhill HR, Yuan C, Zhao XQ, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin therapy on carotid plaque morphology and composition in moderately hypercholesterolemic patients: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging trial. Am Heart J. 2008;155:584 e1-8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.11.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsujita K, Sugiyama S, Sumida H, et al. Impact of Dual Lipid-Lowering Strategy With Ezetimibe and Atorvastatin on Coronary Plaque Regression in Patients With Percuta­neous Coronary Intervention: The Multicenter Randomized Controlled PRECISE-IVUS Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:495-507. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsujita K, Sugiyama S, Sumida H, et al. Impact of Dual Lipid-Lowering Strategy With Ezetimibe and Atorvastatin on Coronary Plaque Regression in Patients With Percuta­neous Coronary Intervention: The Multicenter Randomized Controlled PRECISE-IVUS Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:495-507. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.05.065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hougaard M, Hansen HS, Thayssen P, et al. Influence of ezetimibe in addition to high-dose atorvastatin therapy on plaque composition in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction assessed by serial: Intravascular ultrasound with iMap: the OCTIVUS trial. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2017;18:110-7. doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2016.11.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hougaard M, Hansen HS, Thayssen P, et al. Influence of ezetimibe in addition to high-dose atorvastatin therapy on plaque composition in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction assessed by serial: Intravascular ultrasound with iMap: the OCTIVUS trial. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2017;18:110-7. doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2016.11.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mirzaee S, Thein PM, Nogic J, et al. The effect of combined ezetimibe and statin therapy versus statin therapy alone on coronary plaque volume assessed by intravascular ultrasound: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12:1133-40.e15. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2018.06.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirzaee S, Thein PM, Nogic J, et al. The effect of combined ezetimibe and statin therapy versus statin therapy alone on coronary plaque volume assessed by intravascular ultrasound: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Lipidol. 2018;12:1133-40.e15. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2018.06.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicholls SJ, Puri R, Anderson T, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Progression of Coronary Disease in Statin-Treated Patients: The GLAGOV Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316:2373-84. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16951.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicholls SJ, Puri R, Anderson T, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Progression of Coronary Disease in Statin-Treated Patients: The GLAGOV Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316:2373-84. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.16951.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicholls SJ, Kataoka Y, Nissen SE, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Coronary Plaque Phenotype and Burden in Statin-Treated Patients Following Myocardial Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15:1308-21. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.03.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicholls SJ, Kataoka Y, Nissen SE, et al. Effect of Evolocumab on Coronary Plaque Phenotype and Burden in Statin-Treated Patients Following Myocardial Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15:1308-21. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.03.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen J, Zhao F, Lei C, et al. Effect of evolocumab on the progression of intraplaque neovascularization of the carotid based on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (EPIC study): A prospective single-arm, open-label study. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:999224. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.999224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen J, Zhao F, Lei C, et al. Effect of evolocumab on the progression of intraplaque neovascularization of the carotid based on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (EPIC study): A prospective single-arm, open-label study. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:999224. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.999224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu L, Kong Q, Huang H, et al. Effect of PCSK9 inhibition in combination with statin therapy on intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: A high-resolution MRI study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1127534. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1127534.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu L, Kong Q, Huang H, et al. Effect of PCSK9 inhibition in combination with statin therapy on intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis: A high-resolution MRI study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2023;15:1127534. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2023.1127534.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogata A, Oho K, Matsumoto N, et al. Stabilization of vulnerable carotid plaques with pro­protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor alirocumab. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161:597-600. doi:10.1007/s00701-019-03825-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogata A, Oho K, Matsumoto N, et al. Stabilization of vulnerable carotid plaques with pro­protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor alirocumab. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161:597-600. doi:10.1007/s00701-019-03825-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez de Isla L, Diaz-Diaz JL, Romero MJ, et al. Alirocumab and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: The ARCHITECT Study. Circulation. 2023;147:1436-43. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062557.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez de Isla L, Diaz-Diaz JL, Romero MJ, et al. Alirocumab and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia: The ARCHITECT Study. Circulation. 2023;147:1436-43. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.062557.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raber L, Ueki Y, Otsuka T, et al. Effect of Alirocumab Added to High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The PACMAN-AMI Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327:1771-81. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.5218.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raber L, Ueki Y, Otsuka T, et al. Effect of Alirocumab Added to High-Intensity Statin Therapy on Coronary Atherosclerosis in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The PACMAN-AMI Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327:1771-81. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.5218.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biccire FG, Haner J, Losdat S, et al. Concomitant Coronary Atheroma Regression and Stabilization in Response to Lipid-Lowering Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:1737-47. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biccire FG, Haner J, Losdat S, et al. Concomitant Coronary Atheroma Regression and Stabilization in Response to Lipid-Lowering Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:1737-47. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.08.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akers EJ, Nicholls SJ, Di Bartolo BA. Plaque Calcification: Do Lipoproteins Have a Role? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:1902-10. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.311574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akers EJ, Nicholls SJ, Di Bartolo BA. Plaque Calcification: Do Lipoproteins Have a Role? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019;39:1902-10. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.311574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kong N, Xu Q, Cui W, et al. PCSK9 inhibitor inclisiran for treating atherosclerosis via regulation of endothelial cell pyroptosis. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10:1205. doi:10.21037/atm-22-4652.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kong N, Xu Q, Cui W, et al. PCSK9 inhibitor inclisiran for treating atherosclerosis via regulation of endothelial cell pyroptosis. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10:1205. doi:10.21037/atm-22-4652.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu NQ, Li ZF, Lu MY, Li JJ. Monoclonal antibodies for dyslipidemia in adults: a focus on vulnerable patients groups. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2024;24:157-69. doi:10.1080/14712598.2024.2321374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu NQ, Li ZF, Lu MY, Li JJ. Monoclonal antibodies for dyslipidemia in adults: a focus on vulnerable patients groups. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2024;24:157-69. doi:10.1080/14712598.2024.2321374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsuzaki M, Hiramori, K, Imaizumi, T, et al. Intravascular ultrasound evaluation of corona­ry plaque regression by low density lipoprotein-apheresis in familial hypercholesterolemia: the Low Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis Coronary Morphology and Reserve Trial (LACMART). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002;40:220-7. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01955-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsuzaki M, Hiramori, K, Imaizumi, T, et al. Intravascular ultrasound evaluation of corona­ry plaque regression by low density lipoprotein-apheresis in familial hypercholestero­lemia: the Low Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis Coronary Morphology and Reserve Trial (LACMART). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002;40:220-7. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01955-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Banerjee S, Luo P, Reda DJ, et al. Plaque Regression and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization With Intensive Lipid Elimination Regimen (PREMIER). Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13:e008933. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.008933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Banerjee S, Luo P, Reda DJ, et al. Plaque Regression and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization With Intensive Lipid Elimination Regimen (PREMIER). Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13:e008933. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.008933.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Safarova MS, Ezhov MV, Afanasieva OI, et al. Effect of specific lipoprotein(a) apheresis on coronary atherosclerosis regression assessed by quantitative coronary angiography. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2013;14:93-99. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safarova MS, Ezhov MV, Afanasieva OI, et al. Effect of specific lipoprotein(a) apheresis on coronary atherosclerosis regression assessed by quantitative coronary angiography. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2013;14:93-99. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roeseler E, Julius U, Heigl F, et al. Lipoprotein Apheresis for Lipoprotein(a)-Associa­ted Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective 5 Years of Follow-Up and Apolipoprotein(a) Characterization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36:2019-27. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307983.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roeseler E, Julius U, Heigl F, et al. Lipoprotein Apheresis for Lipoprotein(a)-Associa­ted Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective 5 Years of Follow-Up and Apolipoprotein(a) Characterization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36:2019-27. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307983.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingel R, Heibges A, Fassbender C. Lipoprotein apheresis for Lp(a)-hyperlipopro­teinemia with progressive cardiovascular disease—Additional particular aspects of the Pro(a)LiFe multicenter trial. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2015;18:35-40. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2015.02.012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingel R, Heibges A, Fassbender C. Lipoprotein apheresis for Lp(a)-hyperlipopro­teinemia with progressive cardiovascular disease—Additional particular aspects of the Pro(a)LiFe multicenter trial. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2015;18:35-40. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2015.02.012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klingel R, Heibges A, Fassbender C, ProLiFe-Study G. Prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia and progressive cardiovascular disease by long-term lipoprotein apheresis according to German national guidelines. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2017;12:38-43. doi:10.1007/s11789-017-0082-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klingel R, Heibges A, Fassbender C, ProLiFe-Study G. Prevention of cardiovascular complications in patients with Lp(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia and progressive cardiovascular disease by long-term lipoprotein apheresis according to German national guidelines. Clin Res Cardiol Suppl. 2017;12:38-43. doi:10.1007/s11789-017-0082-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimm JM, Nikolaou K, Schindler A, et al. Characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques of chronic lipid apheresis patients as assessed by in vivo high-resolution CMR—a comparative analysis. J. Cardiovasc. Magn Reson. 2012;14:80. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-14-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimm JM, Nikolaou K, Schindler A, et al. Characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques of chronic lipid apheresis patients as assessed by in vivo high-resolution CMR—a comparative analysis. J. Cardiovasc. Magn Reson. 2012;14:80. doi:10.1186/1532-429X-14-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan TZ, Hsu LY, Arai AE, et al. Apheresis as novel treatment for refractory angina with raised lipoprotein(a): a randomized controlled cross-over trial. Eur. Heart J. 2017;38:1561-9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan TZ, Hsu LY, Arai AE, et al. Apheresis as novel treatment for refractory angina with raised lipoprotein(a): a randomized controlled cross-over trial. Eur. Heart J. 2017;38:1561-9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2019;41:111-88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2019;41:111-88. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korneva V, Kuznetsova T, Julius U. Can Recently Recommended Target Levels for LDL-Cholesterol and Lipoprotein(a) Be Reached by Using Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy Including Lipoprotein Apheresis? Medp Cardiol Vasc Med. 2022;2.mpcvm-202205001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korneva V, Kuznetsova T, Julius U. Can Recently Recommended Target Levels for LDL-Cholesterol and Lipoprotein(a) Be Reached by Using Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy Including Lipoprotein Apheresis? Medp Cardiol Vasc Med. 2022;2.mpcvm-202205001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Julius U, Kuss S, Tselmin S, et al. Why Some Patients Undergoing Lipoprotein Apheresis Therapy Develop New Cardiovascular Events? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2020;7. doi:10.3390/jcdd7030025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Julius U, Kuss S, Tselmin S, et al. Why Some Patients Undergoing Lipoprotein Apheresis Therapy Develop New Cardiovascular Events? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2020;7. doi:10.3390/jcdd7030025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mabuch H, Koizumi J, Shimizu M, et al. Long-term efficacy of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hokuriku-FH-LDL-Apheresis Study Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998;82:1489-95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mabuch H, Koizumi J, Shimizu M, et al. Long-term efficacy of low-density lipoprotein apheresis on coronary heart disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hokuriku-FH-LDL-Apheresis Study Group. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998;82:1489-95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaeger BR, Richte Y, Nagel D, et al. Longitudinal cohort study on the effectiveness of lipid apheresis treatment to reduce high lipoprotein(a) levels and prevent major adverse coronary events. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009;6:229-39. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1456.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaeger BR, Richte Y, Nagel D, et al. Longitudinal cohort study on the effectiveness of lipid apheresis treatment to reduce high lipoprotein(a) levels and prevent major adverse coronary events. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009;6:229-39. doi:10.1038/ncpcardio1456.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leebmann J, Roeseler E, Julius U, et al. Lipoprotein Apheresis in Patients With Maximally Tolerated Lipid-Lowering Therapy, Lipoprotein(a)-Hyperlipoproteinemia, and Progres­sive Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective Observational Multicenter Study. Circulation. 2013;128:2567-76. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leebmann J, Roeseler E, Julius U, et al. Lipoprotein Apheresis in Patients With Maximally Tolerated Lipid-Lowering Therapy, Lipoprotein(a)-Hyperlipoproteinemia, and Progres­sive Cardiovascular Disease: Prospective Observational Multicenter Study. Circulation. 2013;128:2567-76. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schettler VJJ, Peter C, Zimmermann T, et al. The German Lipoprotein Apheresis Registry-Summary of the ninth annual report. Ther Apher Dial. 2022;26 Suppl 1:81-8. doi:10.1111/1744-9987.13780.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schettler VJJ, Peter C, Zimmermann T, et al. The German Lipoprotein Apheresis Registry-Summary of the ninth annual report. Ther Apher Dial. 2022;26 Suppl 1:81-8. doi:10.1111/1744-9987.13780.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuss SFR, Schatz U, Tselmin S, et al. The development of lipoprotein apheresis in Saxony in the last years. Ther Apher Dial. 2022;26 Suppl 1:53-63. doi:10.1111/1744-9987.13940.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuss SFR, Schatz U, Tselmin S, et al. The development of lipoprotein apheresis in Saxony in the last years. Ther Apher Dial. 2022;26 Suppl 1:53-63. doi:10.1111/1744-9987.13940.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Dryander M, Fischer S, Passauer J, et al. Differences in the atherogenic risk of pati­ents treated by lipoprotein apheresis according to their lipid pattern. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2013;14:39-44. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Dryander M, Fischer S, Passauer J, et al. Differences in the atherogenic risk of pati­ents treated by lipoprotein apheresis according to their lipid pattern. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2013;14:39-44. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2012.10.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schatz U, Tselmin S, Muller G, et al. Most significant reduction of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing lipoproteinapheresis due to raised Lp(a) levels — A multi­center observational study. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:246-52. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schatz U, Tselmin S, Muller G, et al. Most significant reduction of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing lipoproteinapheresis due to raised Lp(a) levels — A multi­center observational study. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:246-52. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sachais BS, Shaz BH. Apheresis to Mitigate Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. Am J Hypertens. 2018;31:945-9. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpy068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sachais BS, Shaz BH. Apheresis to Mitigate Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. Am J Hypertens. 2018;31:945-9. doi:10.1093/ajh/hpy068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarraju A, Nissen SE. Atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and regression: a review of clinical evidence. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;7:487-97. doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00979-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarraju A, Nissen SE. Atherosclerotic plaque stabilization and regression: a review of clinical evidence. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;7:487-97. doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00979-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Julius U, Tselmin S, Bornstein SR. Аферез липопротеидов: вчера, сегодня, Завтра. Российский кардио­логический журнал. 2018;(8):74-8. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-74-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Julius U, Tselmin S, Bornstein SR. Lipoprotein apheresis: yesterday, today, tomorrow. Review. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018;(8):74-8. (In Engl.) doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-74-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежов М. В., Бажан С. С., Ершова А. И. и др. Клинические рекомендации по семейной гиперхолестеринемии. Атеросклероз. 2019;15(1):58-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhov MV, Bazhan SS, Ershova AI, et al. Clinical guidelines for familial hypercholeste­rolemia. Ateroscleroz. 2019;15(1):58-98. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежов М. В., Барбараш О. Л., Воевода М. И. и др. Организация работы липидных центров в Российской Федерации — новые возможности. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(6):4489. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4489.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhov MV, Barbarash OL, Voevoda MI, et al. Organization of lipid centers operation in the Russian Federation — new opportunities. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(6):4489. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4489.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афанасьева О. И., Ежов М. В., Покровский С. Н. Антисмысловые олигонуклеотиды и терапевтические моноклональные антитела — как основа для создания новых поколений биологических липидснижающих препаратов. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2018;(8):99-109. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-99-109.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afanasieva OI, Ezhov MV, Pokrovsky SN. Antisense oligonucleotides and therapeutical monoclonal antibodies as a basement for novel biological lipidlowering drugs. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018;(8):99-109. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-8-99-109.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
