<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">russjcardiol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский кардиологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Cardiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-4071</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7620</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5527</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">VYAEUP</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">russjcardiol-5527</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ НАУЧНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MODERN SCIENTIFIC TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Машинное обучение при поиске взаимоотношений размеров и структуры стенки восходящей аорты при ее расширении различной степени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Machine learning in assessing the association between the size and structure of the ascending aortic wall in patients with aortic dilatation of varying severity</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7929-0594</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Успенский</surname><given-names>В. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Uspenskiy</surname><given-names>V. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Успенский Владимир Евгеньевич — доктор медицинских наук, заведующий НИЛ заболеваний аорты и аортального клапана Института сердца и сосудов</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir E. Uspenskiy, Aorta and Aortic Valve Disease Laboratory, Head of Laboratory, Dr.Habil</p><p>St. Petersburg</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vladimiruspenskiy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5148-4303</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сапранков</surname><given-names>В. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saprankov</surname><given-names>V. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сапранков Валерий Леонидович — очный аспирант по специальности "сердечно-сосудистая хирургия", младший научный сотрудник  НИЛ заболеваний аорты и аортального клапана Института сердца и сосудов</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valeriy L. Saprankov, Full-time postgraduate student in cardiovascular surgery</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valeriysaprankov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазин</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazin</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мазин Виктор Игоревич — очный аспирант по специальности "сердечно-сосудистая хирургия"</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktor I. Mazin, Full-time postgraduate student in cardiovascular surgery</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mazinviktor1995@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0924-2810</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заварзина</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavarzina</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заварзина Дарья Геннадьевна — очный аспирант по специальности "сердечно-сосудистая хирургия"</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria G. Zavarzina, Full-time postgraduate student in cardiovascular surgery</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dashaza8@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-2913</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малашичева</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malashicheva</surname><given-names>A. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Малашичева Анна Борисовна — доктор биологических наук, зав. НИЛ молекулярной кардиологии и генетики Института молекулярной биологии и генетики</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna B. Malashicheva, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology and Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Head of Laboratory, Dr.Habil.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amalashicheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8656-3191</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иртюга</surname><given-names>О. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Irtyuga</surname><given-names>O. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Иртюга Ольга Борисовна — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры кардиологии Института медицинского образования</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga B. Irtyuga, Department of Cardiology, Institute of Medical Education, Associate Professor, Ph.D.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgir@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7817-3847</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеева</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseeva</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Моисеева Ольга Михайловна — доктор медицинских наук, директор Института сердца и сосудов</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga M. Moiseeva, Heart and Vessels Institute, Director, Dr.Habil</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moiseeva.cardio@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9031-6655</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеев</surname><given-names>М. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeev</surname><given-names>M. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гордеев Михаил Леонидович — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник НИО кардиоторакальной хирургии Института сердца и сосудов</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail L. Gordeev, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of the Heart and Vessels Institute, Chief Researcher, Dr.Habil., Full Professor</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mlgordeev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр им. В. А. Алмазова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Almazov National Medical Research Centr</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>5527</fpage><lpage>5527</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Успенский В.Е., Сапранков В.Л., Мазин В.И., Заварзина Д.Г., Малашичева А.Б., Иртюга О.Б., Моисеева О.М., Гордеев М.Л., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Успенский В.Е., Сапранков В.Л., Мазин В.И., Заварзина Д.Г., Малашичева А.Б., Иртюга О.Б., Моисеева О.М., Гордеев М.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Uspenskiy V.E., Saprankov V.L., Mazin V.I., Zavarzina D.G., Malashicheva A.B., Irtyuga O.B., Moiseeva O.M., Gordeev M.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5527">https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5527</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Поиск связей патологических изменений стенки восходящей аорты (ВА) с ее планиметрическими характеристиками при несиндромной несемейной (спорадической) аневризме и расширении ВА.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование были включены 174 пациента со спорадическими аневризмами и расширениями ВА, планово оперированные в период с I.2010 по VII.2015гг и разделенные на 2 группы: больные с аневризмой ВА (АВА) (диаметр ВА &gt;50 мм) и трехстворчатым аортальным клапаном (АК) со значимым аортальным стенозом (АС) или регургитацией (группа АВА, n=120), и лица с пограничным расширением ВА (диаметр ВА 45-50 мм), ассоциированным с двустворчатым АК и значимым АС (группа пограничного расширения, n=54). Использовались стандартные лабораторные тесты, инструментальные методы, патогистологическое исследование стенки ВА. Статистическая обработка осуществлялась в среде разработки SPYDER 4.1.5 (язык Python 3.8) и включала однофакторный корреляционный анализ, логистический регрессионный анализ, а также методы машинного обучения (МО) с учителем (машина опорных векторов, метод k-ближайшего соседа, случайный лес).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При логистическом регрессионном анализе были выявлены положительные связи между атеросклерозом ВА и возрастом, кистозным медианекрозом (КМ) и диаметрами синусов Вальсальвы. Метод машины опорных векторов продемонстрировал тенденции к расширению ВА на уровне СВ у лиц с КМ (точность 60,5%), а также к расширению тубулярной части ВА при атеросклерозе (точность 79,2%). В ходе анализа методом "случайный лес" первым этапом были построены деревья решений для предсказания трех исходов: наличие КМ, атеросклероза либо нормальной структуры аорты; точность модели составила 64,2%. Далее переменные "КМ" и "атеросклероз" были объединены, и предсказание осуществлялось для исходов "нормальная структура стенки ВА" и "патологическая структура стенки ВА"; точность модели составила 73,5%.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Использование МО открывает новые возможности для прогнозирования аортопатии и пациент-ориентированного подхода к лечению. При аортальной недостаточности оправдан более агрессивный подход к вмешательству на ВА. Для прогнозирования аортопатий нецелесообразно использовать индексированные к площади поверхности тела диаметры грудной аорты. Перспективными могут стать заборы образцов стенки аорты в виде циркулярных срезов с последующим сплошным патологическим исследованием.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To assess the association between pathological ascending aortic (AA) wall changes and its planimetric characteristics in non-syndromic non-familial (sporadic) aneurysm and dilation of the AA.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study included 174 patients with sporadic aneurysms and dilation of the AA, who underwent elective surgery between January 2010 and July 2015 and were divided into 2 groups: patients with AA aneurysm (AAA) (AA diameter &gt;50 mm) and tricuspid aortic valve (AV) with significant aortic stenosis (AS) or regurgitation (AR) (AAA group, n=120), and persons with borderline AA dilatation (AA diameter 45-50 mm), associated with a bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and significant AS (BD group, n=54). Standard paraclinical investigations and pathological examination of the VA wall were used. Statistical processing was carried out in the SPYDER 4.1.5 environment (Python 3.8), and included univariate correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis, as well as supervised machine learning (ML) methods (support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor method, random forest).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Logistic regression revealed positive associations between AA atherosclerosis and age, cystic medial necrosis (CMN) and sinus of Valsalva (SV) diameters. The support vector machine method demonstrated a tendency towards AA expansion at the SV level in individuals with CMN (accuracy, 60,5%), as well as towards expansion of the tubular AA in atherosclerosis (accuracy, 79,2%). During the random forest analysis, the first stage was to construct decision trees to predict three following outcomes: the presence of CMN, atherosclerosis, or normal aortic structure. The model accuracy was 64,2%. Next, the variables "CMN" and "atherosclerosis" were combined, and prediction was made for the outcomes "normal AA wall structure" and "pathological AA wall structure". The model accuracy was 73,5%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The use of ML opens up new opportunities for predicting aortopathy and a patient-centered approach to treatment. In AR, a more aggressive AA intervention is warranted. To predict aortopathies, thoracic aorta diameters indexed to body surface area should not be used. Aortic wall sampling (circular section) followed by a continuous pathological examination may be promising.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аневризма</kwd><kwd>грудная аорта</kwd><kwd>двустворчатый аортальный клапан</kwd><kwd>логистические модели</kwd><kwd>случайный лес</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aneurysm</kwd><kwd>thoracic aorta</kwd><kwd>bicuspid aortic valve</kwd><kwd>logistic models</kwd><kwd>random forest</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках выполнения плановой темы государственного задания «Разработка устройства для клапаносохраняющей коррекции аортальной недостаточности», номер ЕГИСУ 123021000152-9</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the state task "Development of a device for valve-sparing treatment of aortic regurgitation", number 123021000152-9</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J, 3rd, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;146:e334-e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isselbacher EM, Preventza O, Hamilton Black J, 3rd, et al. 2022 ACC/AHA Guideline for the diagnosis and management of aortic disease: a report of the American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;146:e334-e482. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chew NWS, Phua K, Ho YJ, et al. Prognostic implications of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve phenotype on progression of moderate aortic stenosis and ascending aorta dilatation. Am J Cardiol. 2021;161:76-83. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.08.050.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chew NWS, Phua K, Ho YJ, et al. Prognostic implications of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve phenotype on progression of moderate aortic stenosis and ascending aorta dilatation. Am J Cardiol. 2021;161:76-83. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.08.050.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheung K, Boodhwani M, Chan KL, et al. Thoracic aortic aneurysm growth: role of sex and aneurysm etiology. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e003792. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheung K, Boodhwani M, Chan KL, et al. Thoracic aortic aneurysm growth: role of sex and aneurysm etiology. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e003792. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.003792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Surman TL, Abrahams JM, Manavis J, et al. Histological regional analysis of the aortic root and thoracic ascending aorta: a complete analysis of aneurysms from root to arch. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;16:255. doi:10.1186/s13019-021-01641-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Surman TL, Abrahams JM, Manavis J, et al. Histological regional analysis of the aortic root and thoracic ascending aorta: a complete analysis of aneurysms from root to arch. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2021;16:255. doi:10.1186/s13019-021-01641-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts WC, Vowels TJ, Ko JM, et al. Comparison of the structure of the aortic valve and ascending aorta in adults having aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis versus for pure aortic regurgitation and resection of the ascending aorta for aneurysm. Circulation. 2011;123(8):896-903. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972406.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts WC, Vowels TJ, Ko JM, et al. Comparison of the structure of the aortic valve and ascending aorta in adults having aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis versus for pure aortic regurgitation and resection of the ascending aorta for aneurysm. Circulation. 2011;123(8):896-903. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.972406.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greener JG, Kandathil SM, Moffat L, et al. A guide to machine learning for biologists. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23:40-55. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00407-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greener JG, Kandathil SM, Moffat L, et al. A guide to machine learning for biologists. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022;23:40-55. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00407-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee Y, Hwang HY, Park EA, et al. Suture reduction of the borderline ascending aortic dilatation during aortic valve replacement. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2021;62:618-24. doi:10.23736/S0021-9509.21.11543-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee Y, Hwang HY, Park EA, et al. Suture reduction of the borderline ascending aortic dilatation during aortic valve replacement. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2021;62:618-24. doi:10.23736/S0021-9509.21.11543-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белов Ю. В., Федоров Д. Н., Тааев Б. К. и др. Особенности гистологического строения стенки восходящей аорты при аневризме. Кардиология и сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. 2013;2:34-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belov YuV, Fedorov DN, TaaevBK, et al. Features of the histologic structure of the wall of the ascending aorta at aneurysm. Cardiol and Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;2:34-6. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов Б. Н., Панфилов Д. С., Гутор С. С. и др. Морфологическое состояние аортальной стенки при аневризме восходящей аорты. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. 2018;6:43-8. doi:10.24411/2308-1198-2018-14006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov BN, Panfilov DS, Gutor SS, et al. Morphologic state of the aortic wall in aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Clinical and experimental surgery. 2018;6:43-8. (In Russ.) doi:10.24411/2308-1198-2018-14006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogers IS, Massaro JM, Truong QA, et al. Distribution, determinants, and normal reference values of thoracic and abdominal aortic diameters by computed tomography (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:1510-6. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogers IS, Massaro JM, Truong QA, et al. Distribution, determinants, and normal reference values of thoracic and abdominal aortic diameters by computed tomography (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 2013;111:1510-6. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.306.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Emmott A, Garcia J, Chung J, et al. Biomechanics of the ascending thoracic aorta: a clinical perspective on engineering data. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(1):35-47. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.10.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emmott A, Garcia J, Chung J, et al. Biomechanics of the ascending thoracic aorta: a clinical perspective on engineering data. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32(1):35-47. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2015.10.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merritt BA, Turin A, Markl M, et al. Association between leaflet fusion pattern and thoracic aorta morphology in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;40:294-300. doi:10.1002/jmri.24376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merritt BA, Turin A, Markl M, et al. Association between leaflet fusion pattern and thoracic aorta morphology in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;40:294-300. doi:10.1002/jmri.24376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu M, Liang L, Ismail Y, et al. Computation of a probabilistic and anisotropic failure metric on the aortic wall using a machine learning-based surrogate model. Comput Biol Med. 2021;137:104794. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104794.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu M, Liang L, Ismail Y, et al. Computation of a probabilistic and anisotropic failure metric on the aortic wall using a machine learning-based surrogate model. Comput Biol Med. 2021;137:104794. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104794.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
