With the participation

russjcardiol

Российский кардиологический журнал

Russian Journal of Cardiology

1560-40712618-7620

«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC

10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4484

russjcardiol-4484

Research Article

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

CLINICAL GUIDELINES

Наджелудочковые тахикардии у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации 2020

2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Supraventricular tachycardia in adults

Бокерия

А. Л.

Bokeria

L. A.

Москва

cardiojournal@yandex.ru

Голухова

Е. З.

Golukhova

E. Z.

Москва

Попов

С. В.

Popov

S. V.

Томск

Артюхина

Е. А.

Artyukhina

E. A.

Москва

artelena.71@mail.ru

Базаев

В. А.

Bazaev

V. A.

Москва

Баталов

Р. Е.

Batalov

R. E.

Томск

Бокерия

О. Л.

Bokeria

O. L.

Москва

Выговский

А. Б.

Vygovsky

A. B.

Калининград

Гиляров

М. Ю.

Gilyarov

M. Yu.

Москва

Голицын

С. П.

Golitsyn

S. P.

Москва

Давтян

К. В.

Davtyan

K. V.

Москва

Зенин

С. А.

Zenin

S. A.

Новосибирск

Иваницкий

Э. А.

Ivanitsky

E. A.

Красноярск

Канорский

С. Г.

Kanorsky

S. G.

Краснодар

Ковалев

А. С.

Kovalev

A. S.

Москва

Криволапов

С. Н.

Krivolapov

S. N.

Томск

Лебедев

Д. С.

Lebedev

D. S.

Санкт-Петербург

Мамчур

С. Е.

Mamchur

S. E.

Кемерово

Медведев

М. М.

Medvedev

M. M.

Санкт-Петербург

Миллер

О. Н.

Miller

O. N.

Новосибирск

Михайлов

Е. Н.

Mikhailov

E. N.

Санкт-Петербург

Неминущий

Н. М.

Neminushchiy

N. M.

Москва

Новикова

Н. А.

Novikova

N. A.

Москва

Ревишвили

А. Ш.

Revishvili

A. Sh.

Москва

Рзаев

Ф. Г.

Rzaev

F. G.

Москва

Романов

А. Б.

Romanov

A. B.

Новосибирск

Сергуладзе

С. Ю.

Serguladze

S. Yu.

Москва

Сопов

О. В.

Sopov

O. V.

Москва

Татарский

Б. А.

Tatarsky

B. A.

Санкт-Петербург

Термосесов

С. А.

Thermosesov

S. A.

Москва

Филатов

А. Г.

Filatov

A. G.

Москва

Школьникова

М. А.

Shkolnikova

M. A.

Москва

Шубик

Ю. В.

Shubik

Yu. V.

Санкт-Петербург

Яшин

С. М.

Yashin

S. M.

Санкт-Петербург

2021

27042021

26544844484

Copyright © Бокерия А.Л., Голухова Е.З., Попов С.В., Артюхина Е.А., Базаев В.А., Баталов Р.Е., Бокерия О.Л., Выговский А.Б., Гиляров М.Ю., Голицын С.П., Давтян К.В., Зенин С.А., Иваницкий Э.А., Канорский С.Г., Ковалев А.С., Криволапов С.Н., Лебедев Д.С., Мамчур С.Е., Медведев М.М., Миллер О.Н., Михайлов Е.Н., Неминущий Н.М., Новикова Н.А., Ревишвили А.Ш., Рзаев Ф.Г., Романов А.Б., Сергуладзе С.Ю., Сопов О.В., Татарский Б.А., Термосесов С.А., Филатов А.Г., Школьникова М.А., Шубик Ю.В., Яшин С.М., 2021

2021

Бокерия А.Л., Голухова Е.З., Попов С.В., Артюхина Е.А., Базаев В.А., Баталов Р.Е., Бокерия О.Л., Выговский А.Б., Гиляров М.Ю., Голицын С.П., Давтян К.В., Зенин С.А., Иваницкий Э.А., Канорский С.Г., Ковалев А.С., Криволапов С.Н., Лебедев Д.С., Мамчур С.Е., Медведев М.М., Миллер О.Н., Михайлов Е.Н., Неминущий Н.М., Новикова Н.А., Ревишвили А.Ш., Рзаев Ф.Г., Романов А.Б., Сергуладзе С.Ю., Сопов О.В., Татарский Б.А., Термосесов С.А., Филатов А.Г., Школьникова М.А., Шубик Ю.В., Яшин С.М.

Bokeria L.A., Golukhova E.Z., Popov S.V., Artyukhina E.A., Bazaev V.A., Batalov R.E., Bokeria O.L., Vygovsky A.B., Gilyarov M.Y., Golitsyn S.P., Davtyan K.V., Zenin S.A., Ivanitsky E.A., Kanorsky S.G., Kovalev A.S., Krivolapov S.N., Lebedev D.S., Mamchur S.E., Medvedev M.M., Miller O.N., Mikhailov E.N., Neminushchiy N.M., Novikova N.A., Revishvili A.S., Rzaev F.G., Romanov A.B., Serguladze S.Y., Sopov O.V., Tatarsky B.A., Thermosesov S.A., Filatov A.G., Shkolnikova M.A., Shubik Y.V., Yashin S.M.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4484

Российское кардиологическое общество

При участии: Всероссийского научного общества специалистов по клинической электрофизиологии, аритмологии и кардиостимуляции (ВНОА), Ассоциации сердечно-сосудистых хирургов России (АССХ)

Одобрено Научно-практическим Советом Минздрава Российской Федерации

With the participation

With the participation: All-Russian Scientific Society of Specialists in Clinical Electrophysiology, Arrhythmology and Pacing, Russian Association of Cardiovascular Surgeons

Endorsed by

Endorsed by: Research and Practical Council of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

наджелудочковая тахикардиявзрослыеклинические рекомендации

supraventricular tachycardiaadultsclinical guidelines

References1

Howick JH. The Philosophy of Evidence-based Medicine. Wiley. p. 15. ISBN: 978-1-4443- 4266-6.

Sackett DL, Rosenberg WM, Gray JA, et al. Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ. 1996;312:71-2.

Федеральный закон от 21.11.2011 № 323-ФЗ (ред. от 03.04.2017) “Об основах охраны здоровья граждан в Российской Федерации”. https://minzdrav.gov.ru/documents/7025.

Federal law No. 323-FZ of 21.11.2011 (as amended on 03.04.2017) “On the basics of public health protection in the Russian Federation”. (In Russ.) https://minzdrav.gov.ru/documents/7025.

Эпидемиологический словарь. Под ред. Джона М. Ласта для Международной эпидемиологической ассоциации. 4-е изд. Москва, 2009. 316 с.

Epidemiological dictionary. Ed. John M. Last for the International Epidemiological Association. 4th ed. Moscow, 2009. 316 p. (In Russ.)

Федеральное агентство по техническому регулированию и метрологии. Национальный стандарт Российской Федерации. ГОСТ Р 52379-2005. Надлежащая клиническая практика. Москва, 2005. https://roszdravnadzor.gov.ru/i/upload/images/2014/10/20/1413792833.82951-1-20391.rtf.

Federal Agency for technical regulation and Metrology. National standard of the Russian Federation. GOST R 52379-2005. Good clinical practice. Moscow, 2005. (In Russ.) https://roszdravnadzor.gov.ru/i/upload/images/2014/10/20/1413792833.82951-1-20391.rtf.

Федеральный закон от 12.04.2010 № 61-ФЗ (ред. от 03.07.2016) “Об обращении лекарственных средств”. https://base.garant.ru/12174909/.

Federal law No. 61-FZ of 12.04.2010 (as amended on 03.07.2016) “On circulation of medicinal products”. (In Russ.) https://base.garant.ru/12174909/.

Андреева Н.С., Реброва О.Ю., Зорин Н.А. и др. Системы оценки достоверности научных доказательств и убедительности рекомендаций: сравнительная характеристика и перспективы унификации. Медицинские технологии. Оценка и выбор. 2012;4:10-24.

Andreeva NS, Rebrova OYu, Zorin NA, et al. Systems for evaluating the reliability of scientific evidence and the credibility of recommendations: comparative characteristics and prospects for unification. Medical technology. Evaluation and selection. 2012;4:10-24. (In Russ.)

Cosío FG. Atrial Flutter, Typical and Atypical: A Review. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2017;6(2):55-62.

Katritsis DG, Marine JE, Latchamsetty R, et al. Coexistent Types of Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia: Implications for the Tachycardia Circuit. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8(5):1189-93.

George SA, Faye NR, Murillo-Berlioz A, et al. At the Atrioventricular Crossroads: Dual Pathway Electrophysiology in the Atrioventricular Node and its Underlying Heterogeneities. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2017;6(4):179-85.

Sheldon RS, Grubb BP2nd, Olshansky B, et al. 2015 heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of postural tachycardia syndrome, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, and vasovagal syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12(6):e41-e63.

Olshansky B, Sullivan RM. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Europace. 2019;21(2): 194-207.

Brugada J, Katritsis DG, Arbelo E, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(5):655-720. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467. (A correction has been published: Eur Heart J. 2020;41(44):4258. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz827).

Mareedu RK, Abdalrahman IB, Dharmashankar KC, et al. Atrial flutter versus atrial fibrillation in a general population: differences in comorbidities associated with their respective onset. Clin Med Res. 2010;8(1):1-6.

Marcus GM, Smith LM, Whiteman D, et al. Alcohol intake is significantly associated with atrial flutter in patients under 60 years of age and a shorter right atrial effective refractory period. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31(3):266-72.

Mont L, Elosua R, Brugada J. Endurance sport practice as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Europace. 2009;11(1):11-7.

Chinitz JS, Gerstenfeld EP, Marchlinski FE, Callans DJ. Atrial fibrillation is common after ablation of isolated atrial flutter during long-term follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4(8):1029-33.

Pizzale S, Lemery R, Green MS, et al. Frequency and predictors of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy in patients with persistent atrial flutter. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25(8):469-72.

Goyal R, Zivin A, Souza J, et al. Comparison of the ages of tachycardia onset in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and accessory pathway-mediated tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1996;132(4):765-7.

Porter MJ, Morton JB, Denman R, et al. Influence of age and gender on the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1(4):393-6.

Choi SH, Weng LC, Wang EY, et al. Frequency of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities in a Half Million Adults. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11(7):e006273.

Page RL, Joglar JA, Caldwell MA, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13):e27-e115.

Laurent G, Leong-Poi H, Mangat I, et al. Influence of ventriculoatrial timing on hemodynamics and symptoms during supraventricular tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(2):176-81.

Abe H, Nagatomo T, Kobayashi H, et al. Neurohumoral and hemodynamic mechanisms of diuresis during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1997;20(11):2783-8.

Drago F, Turchetta A, Calzolari A, et al. Reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia in children: low rate at rest as a major factor related to propensity to syncope during exercise. Am Heart J. 1996;132:280-5.

Haghjoo M, Arya A, Heidari A, et al. Electrophysiologic characteristics and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation in elderly patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Electrocardiol. 2007;40:208-13.

Razavi M, Luria DM, Jahangir A, et al. Acute blood pressure changes after the onset of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a time-course analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2005;16(10):1037-40.

Walfridsson U, Strömberg A, Janzon M, Walfridsson H. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia in a Swedish population: consequences on health-related quality of life. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32(10):1299-306.

Cain N, Irving C, Webber S, et al. Natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome diagnosed in childhood. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(7):961-5.

Lessmeier TJ, Gamperling D, Johnson-Liddon V, et al. Unrecognized paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Potential for misdiagnosis as panic disorder. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(5):537-43.

Arnar DO, Mairesse GH, Boriani G, et al. Management of asymptomatic arrhythmias: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document, endorsed by the Heart Failure Association (HFA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), and Latin America Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS). Europace. 2019; doi:10.1093/europace/euz046.

Ellis ER, Josephson ME. What About Tachycardia-induced Cardiomyopathy? Arrhythm Electrop.hysiol Rev. 2013;2(2):82-90.

Markowitz SM, Stein KM, Mittal S, et al. Differential effects of adenosine on focal and macroreentrant atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10(4):489-502.

Teh AW, Kistler PM, Kalman JM. Using the 12-lead ECG to localize the origin of ventricular and atrial tachycardias: part 1. Focal atrial tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20(6):706-9.

Coffey JO, d’Avila A, Dukkipati S, et al. Catheter ablation of scar-related atypical atrial flutter. Europace. 2013;15(3):414-9.

Bochoeyer A, Yang Y, Cheng J, et al. Surface electrocardiographic characteristics of right and left atrial flutter. Circulation. 2003;108(1):60-6.

Bhatia S, Sugrue A, Asirvatham S. Atrial Fibrillation: Beyond Rate Control. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(3):373-80.

Markowitz SM, Thomas G, Liu CF, et al. Atrial Tachycardias and Atypical Atrial Flutters: Mechanisms and Approaches to Ablation. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2019;8(2):131-7.

Bun SS, Latcu DG, Marchlinski F, Saoudi N. Atrial flutter: more than just one of a kind. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(35):2356-63.

De Ponti R, Marazzato J, Marazzi R, et al. Challenges in Narrow QRS Complex Tachycardia Interpretation. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2019;11(2):283-99.

Katritsis DG, Wellens HJ, Josephson ME. Mahaim Accessory Pathways. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2017;6(1):29-32.

Rossano J, Bloemers B, Sreeram N, et al. Efficacy of implantable loop recorders in establishing symptom-rhythm correlation in young patients with syncope and palpitations. Pediatrics. 2003;112(3 Pt 1):e228-e233.

Martinez T, Sztajzel J. Utility of event loop recorders for the management of arrhythmias in young ambulatory patients. Int J Cardiol. 2004;97(3):495-8.

Hoefman E, van Weert HC, Reitsma JB, et al. Diagnostic yield of patient-activated loop recorders for detecting heart rhythm abnormalities in general practice: a randomised clinical trial. Fam Pract. 2005;22(5):478-84.

Mitro P, Szakács M, Bodnár J, et al. Diagnostic benefit of the use of implanted loop recorder (Reveal Plus) for patients with syncope with unclear aetiology. Vnitr Lek. 2007;53(11):1147-52.

Hoefman E, van Weert HC, Boer KR, et al. Optimal duration of event recording for diagnosis of arrhythmias in patients with palpitations and light-headedness in the general practice. Fam Pract. 2007;24(1):11-3.

Al Mehairi M, Al Ghamdi SA, Dagriri K, Al Fagih A. The importance of utilizing 24-h Holter monitoring as a non-invasive method of predicting the mechanism of supraventricular tachycardia. J Saudi Heart Assoc. 2011;23(4):241-3.

Paruchuri V, Adhaduk M, Garikipati NV, et al. Clinical utility of a novel wireless implantable loop recorder in the evaluation of patients with unexplained syncope. Heart Rhythm. 2011;8(6):858-63.

Salih H, Monsel F, Sergent J, Amara W. Long-term follow-up after implantable loop recorder in patients with syncope: results of a French general hospital survey. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 2012;61(5):331-7.

Kristjánsdóttir I, Reimarsdóttir G, Arnar DO. The usefullness of implantable loop recorders for evaluation of unexplained syncope and palpitations. Laeknabladid. 2012;98(9):465-8.

Lobodzinski SS. ECG patch monitors for assessment of cardiac rhythm abnormalities. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;56(2):224-9.

Barrett PM, Komatireddy R, Haaser S, et al. Comparison of 24-hour Holter monitoring with 14-day novel adhesive patch electrocardiographic monitoring. Am J Med. 2014;127(1):95. e11-e17.

Cheung CC, Kerr CR, Krahn AD. Comparing 14-day adhesive patch with 24-h Holter monitoring. Future Cardiol. 2014;10(3):319-22.

Epifanio HB, Katz M, Borges MA, et al. The use of external event monitoring (web-loop) in the elucidation of symptoms associated with arrhythmias in a general population. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2014;12(3):295-9.

Hendrikx T, Rosenqvist M, Wester P, et al. Intermittent short ECG recording is more effective than 24-hour Holter ECG in detection of arrhythmias. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:41.

Amara W, Sileu N, Salih H, et al. Long term results of implantable loop recorder in patients with syncope: results of a French survey. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 2014;63(5):327-30.

Solomon MD, Yang J, Sung SH, et al. Incidence and timing of potentially high-risk arrhythmias detected through long term continuous ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16:35.

Locati ET, Moya A, Oliveira M, et al. External prolonged electrocardiogram monitoring in unexplained syncope and palpitations: results of the SYNARR-Flash study. Europace. 2016;18(8):1265-72.

Glotzer TV, Hellkamp AS, Zimmerman J, et al. Atrial high-rate episodes detected by pacemaker diagnostics predict death and stroke: report of the Atrial Diagnostics Ancillary Study of the MOde Selection Trial (MOST). Circulation. 2003;107(12):1614-9.

Orlov MV, Ghali JK, Araghi-Niknam M, et al. Asymptomatic atrial fibrillation in pacemaker recipients: incidence, progression, and determinants based on the atrial high-rate trial. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(3):404-11.

Krishnamoorthy S, Khoo CW, Lim HS, Lip GY. Predictive value of atrial high-rate episodes for arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction in dual-chamber pacemaker patients. Eur J Clin Invest. 2014;44(1):13-21.

Benezet-Mazuecos J, Rubio JM, Farré J. Atrial high-rate episodes in patients with dualchamber cardiac implantable electronic devices: unmasking silent atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2014;37(8):1080-6.

Camm AJ, Simantirakis E, Goette A, et al. Atrial high-rate episodes and stroke prevention. Europace. 2017;19(2):169-79.

Bertaglia E, Blank B, Blomström-Lundqvist C, et al. Atrial high-rate episodes: prevalence, stroke risk, implications for management, and clinical gaps in evidence. Europace. 2019;21(10):1459-67.

Rinkenberger RL, Naccarelli GV, Berns E, Dougherty AH. Efficacy and safety of class IC antiarrhythmic agents for the treatment of coexisting supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1988;62(6):44D-55D.

Chimienti M, Cullen MTJr, Casadei G. Safety of flecainide versus propafenone for the long-term management of symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Report from the Flecainide and Propafenone Italian Study (FAPIS) Group. Eur Heart J. 1995;16(12):1943-51.

Osswald S, Buser PT, Rickenbacher P, Pfisterer M. Supraventricular tachycardias: mechanism, diagnosis and therapy. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1996;126(22):974-85.

Colucci RA, Silver MJ, Shubrook J. Common types of supraventricular tachycardia: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2010;82(8):942-52.

Zimetbaum PJ, Josephson ME. The evolving role of ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring in general clinical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(10):848-56.

Brembilla-Perrot B, Olivier A, Villemin T, et al. Follow-up of children or teenagers with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, but without pre-excitation syndrome. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;110(11):599-606.

DeSimone CV, Naksuk N, Asirvatham SJ. Supraventricular Arrhythmias: Clinical Framework and Common Scenarios for the Internist. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(12):1825-41.

Mahtani AU, Nair DG. Supraventricular Tachycardia. Med Clin North Am. 2019;103(5): 863-79.

Cai Q Shuraih M, Nagueh SF. The use of echocardiography in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;28(4):725-34.

Delelis F, Lacroix D, Richardson M, et al. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography for atrioventricular accessory pathways persistent ventricular pre-excitation despite successful radiofrequency ablation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13(10):840-8.

Ueda A, Suman-Horduna I, Mantziari L, et al. Contemporary outcomes of supraventricular tachycardia ablation in congenital heart disease: a single-center experience in 116 patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6(3):606-13.

Ezhumalai B, Satheesh S, Anantha A, et al. Coronary sinus diameter by echocardiography to differentiate atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia. Cardiol J. 2014;21(3):273-8.

Ishizu T, Seo Y, Igarashi M, et al. Noninvasive Localization of Accessory Pathways in WolffParkinson-White Syndrome by Three-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(6):e004532. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.004532.

Klehs S, Schneider HE, Backhoff D, et al. Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrial Tachycardias in Congenital Heart Disease: Results With Special Reference to Complexity of Underlying Anatomy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10(12):e005451. doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.117.005451.

Shaabani S, Sadeghian S, Hosseinsabet A. Evaluation of left ventricular longitudinal deformation in patients with and without ST segment depression during supraventricular tachycardia. J Clin Ultrasound. 2017;45(6):343-9.

Senturk SE, Icen YK, Koc AS, et al. Evaluation of coronary sinus morphology by threedimensional transthoracic echocardiography in patients undergoing electrophysiological study. J Arrhythm. 2018;34(6):626-31.

L’Italien K, Conlon S, Kertesz N, et al. Usefulness of Echocardiography in Children with New-Onset Supraventricular Tachycardia. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31(10):1146-50.

Brady WJJr, DeBehnke DJ, Wickman LL, Lindbeck G. Treatment of out-of-hospital supraventricular tachycardia: adenosine vs verapamil. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3(6):574-85.

Glatter KA, Cheng J, Dorostkar P, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of adenosine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1999;99(8):1034-40.

Delaney B, Loy J, Kelly AM. The relative efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for the treatment of stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in adults: a meta-analysis. Eur J Emerg Med. 2011;18(3):148-52.

Ip JE, Cheung JW, Chung JH, et al. Adenosine-induced atrial fibrillation: insights into mechanism. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013;6(3):e34-e37.

Li N, Csepe TA, Hansen BJ, et al. Adenosine-Induced Atrial Fibrillation: Localized Reentrant Drivers in Lateral Right Atria due to Heterogeneous Expression of Adenosine A1 Receptors and GIRK4 Subunits in the Human Heart. Circulation. 2016;134(6):486-98.

Turley AJ, Murray S, Thambyrajah J. Pre-excited atrial fibrillation triggered by intravenous adenosine: a commonly used drug with potentially life-threatening adverse effects. Emerg Med J. 2008;25(1):46-8.

Feigl D, Ravid M. Electrocardiographic observations on the termination of supraventricular tachycardia by verapamil. J Electrocardiol. 1979;12(2):129-36.

Molina L, Cárdenas M, Esquivel J. Supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias with normal electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1984;54(2):187-97.

Sager PT, Bhandari AK. Narrow complex tachycardias. Differential diagnosis and management. Cardiol Clin. 1991;9(4):619-40.

Chapman EL, Strawn RM, Stewart BP. Differentiating between ventricular tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia in the clinical setting. Focus Crit Care. 1992;19(2):140-2,144-5.

Trappe HJ, Brandts B, Weismueller P. Arrhythmias in the intensive care patient. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2003;9(5):345-55.

Schumacher B, Spehl S, Langbein A, et al. Regular tachycardia with broad QRS complex: differential diagnosis on 12-lead ECG. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2009;20(1):5-13.

Gupta PN, Kumar A, Namboodiri N, Balachandran A. What is this? VT versus SVT. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2013200806. doi:10.1136/bcr-2013-200806.

Kaiser E, Darrieux FC, Barbosa SA, et al. Differential diagnosis of wide QRS tachycardias: comparison of two electrocardiographic algorithms. Europace. 2015;17(9):1422-7.

Chen Q, Xu J, Gianni C, et al. Simple Electrocardiogaphic Criteria for Rapid Identification of Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia: the new Limb Lead Algorithm. Heart Rhythm. 2020;17(3):431-8. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.09.021.

Roth A, Elkayam I, Shapira I, et al. Effectiveness of prehospital synchronous direct-current cardioversion for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias causing unstable hemodynamic states. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(4):489-91.

Wittwer MR, Rajendran S, Kealley J, et al. A South Australian registry of biphasic cardioversions of atrial arrhythmias: efficacy and predictors of success. Heart Lung Circ. 2015;24(4):342-7.

Reisinger J, Gstrein C, Winter T, et al. Optimization of initial energy for cardioversion of atrial tachyarrhythmias with biphasic shocks. Am J Emerg Med. 2010;28(2):159-65.

100

Smith G, Taylor DM, Morgans A, Cameron P. Prehospital synchronized electrical cardioversion of a poorly perfused SVT patient by paramedics. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(3):301-4.

101

Smith GD, Fry MM, Taylor D, et al. Effectiveness of the Valsalva Manoeuvre for reversion of supraventricular tachycardia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(2):CD009502.

102

Smith G, Morgans A, Boyle M. Use of the Valsalva manoeuvre in the prehospital setting: a review of the literature. Emerg Med J. 2009;26(1):8-10.

103

Dougherty AH, Jackman WM, Naccarelli GV, et al. Acute conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with intravenous diltiazem. IV Diltiazem Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70(6):587-92.

104

Hood MA, Smith WM. Adenosine versus verapamil in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia: a randomized double-crossover trial. Am Heart J. 1992;123(6):1543-9.

105

Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Chan YH. Slow infusion of calcium channel blockers compared with intravenous adenosine in the emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2009;80(5):523-8.

106

Appelboam A, Reuben A, Mann C, et al. Postural modification to the standard Valsalva manoeuvre for emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (REVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10005):1747-53.

107

Gupta A, Naik A, Vora A, Lokhandwala Y. Comparison of efficacy of intravenous diltiazem and esmolol in terminating supraventricular tachycardia. J Assoc Physicians India. 1999;47(10):969-72.

108

Das G, Tschida V, Gray R, et al. Efficacy of esmolol in the treatment and transfer of patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias to alternate oral antiarrhythmic agents. J Clin Pharmacol. 1988;28(8):746-50.

109

Amsterdam EA, Kulcyski J, Ridgeway MG. Efficacy of cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockade with intravenously administered metoprolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Clin Pharmacol. 1991;31(8):714-8.

110

Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, et al. Comparison of Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia by Valsalva Maneuver and Carotid Sinus Massage. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31(1):30-5.

111

Olasveengen TM, de Caen AR, Mancini ME, et al. 2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary. Resuscitation. 2017;121:201-14.

112

Cairns CB, Niemann JT. Intravenous Adenosine in the Emergency Department Management of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20(7):717-21.

113

Camm AJ, Garratt CJ. Adenosine and supraventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(23):1621-9.

114

Ortiz M, Martín A, Arribas F, et al. PROCAMIO Study Investigators. Randomized comparison of intravenous procainamide vs. intravenous amiodarone for the acute treatment of tolerated wide QRS tachycardia: the PROCAMIO study. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(17):1329-35.

115

Ornato JP. Management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1986;74(6 Pt 2):IV108-10.

116

Stewart RB, Bardy GH, Greene HL. Wide complex tachycardia: misdiagnosis and outcome after emergent therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104(6):766-71.

117

Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Doherty JU, et al. Hazards of intravenous verapamil for sustained ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1987;59(12):1107-10.

118

Dancy M, Camm AJ, Ward D. Misdiagnosis of chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Lancet. 1985;2(8450):320-3.

119

Chen SA, Chiang CE, Yang CJ, et al. Sustained atrial tachycardia in adult patients. Electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological response, possible mechanisms, and effects of radiofrequency ablation. Circulation. 1994;90(3):1262-78.

120

Mehta AV, Sanchez GR, Sacks EJ, et al. Ectopic automatic atrial tachycardia in children: clinical characteristics, management and follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11(2):379-85.

121

Bryson HM, Palmer KJ, Langtry HD, et al. Propafenone. A Reappraisal of Its Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Use in Cardiac Arrhythmias. Drugs. 1993;45(1):85-130.

122

Kishore AG, Camm AJ. Guidelines for the Use of Propafenone in Treating Supraventricular Arrhythmias. Drugs. 1995;50(2):250-62.

123

Vietti-Ramus G, Veglio F, Marchisio U, et al. Efficacy and safety of short intravenous amiodarone in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1992;35(1):77-85.

124

Kastor JA. Multifocal atrial tachycardia. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(24):1713-7.

125

Salerno DM, Anderson B, Sharkey PJ, Iber C. Intravenous verapamil for treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with and without calcium pretreatment. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107(5):623-8.

126

Arsura E, Lefkin AS, Scher DL, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of verapamil and metoprolol in treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia. Am J Med. 1988;85(4):519-24.

127

Юричева Ю.А., Соколов С.Ф., Голицын С.П. и др. Новый антиаритмический препарат III класса ниферидил, как эффективное средство восстановления синусового ритма при персистирующей форме мерцательной аритмии. Вестник аритмологии. 2012;70:32-43.

Yuricheva JuA, Sokolov SF, Golitsyn SP, et al. New antiarrhythmic drug III class niferidil, as an effective means of restoring sinus rhythm in persistent atrial fibrillation. Vestnik of arrhythmology. 2012;70:32-43. (In Russ.)

128

Миронов Н.Ю., Влодзяновский В.В., Юричева Ю.А. и др. Проспективное рандомизированное исследование эффективности и безопасности электрической и медикаментозной кардиоверсии при персистирующей фибрилляции предсердий. Часть 2: оценка безопасности. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2018;14(6):826-30.

Mironov NY, Vlodzyanovskiy VV, Yuricheva YA, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Electrical and Pharmacological Cardioversion in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Part 2: Assessment of Safety. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(6):826-30. (In Russ.)

129

Миронов Н.Ю., Влодзяновский В.В., Юричева Ю.А. и др. Проспективное рандомизированное исследование эффективности и безопасности электрической и медикаментозной кардиоверсии при персистирующей фибрилляции предсердий. Часть 1: методология исследования и оценка эффективности. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2018;14(5):664-9.

Mironov NY, Vlodzyanovskiy VV, Yuricheva YA, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Electrical and Pharmacological Cardioversion in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation. Part I: Study Rationale, Design and Assessment of Effectiveness. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(5):664-9. (In Russ.)

130

Stiell IG, Clement CM, Symington C, et al. Emergency department use of intravenous procainamide for patients with acute atrial fibrillation or flutter. Acad Emerg Med. 2007;14(12):1158-64.

131

Stiell IG, Clement CM, Perry JJ, et al. Association of the Ottawa Aggressive Protocol with rapid discharge of emergency department patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter. CJEM. 2010;12(3):181-91.

132

McComb JM, McGovern B, Garan H, Ruskin JN. Management of Refractory Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias Using Low-Energy Transcatheter Shocks. Am J Cardiol. 1986;58(10):959-63.

133

Mehmanesh H, Bauernschmitt R, Hagl S, Lange R. A New Concept for Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia After Heart Operations: Low Energy Internal Cardioversion Using a Temporary Atrial Electrode. Z Kardiol. 1999;88(6):434-41.

134

Peters RW, Shorofsky SR, Pelini M, et al. Overdrive atrial pacing for conversion of atrial flutter: comparison of postoperative with nonpostoperative patients. Am Heart J. 1999;137(1):100-3.

135

Mitchell AR, Spurrell PA, Cheatle L, Sulke N. Effect of atrial antitachycardia pacing treatments in patients with an atrial defibrillator: randomised study comparing subthreshold and nominal pacing outputs. Heart. 2002;87(5):433-7.

136

Rhodes LA, Walsh EP, Saul JP. Conversion of atrial flutter in pediatric patients by transesophageal atrial pacing: a safe, effective, minimally invasive procedure. Am Heart J. 1995;130(2):323-7.

137

Sun JL, Guo JH, Zhang N, et al. Clinical Comparison of Ibutilide and Propafenone for Converting Atrial Flutter. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2005;19(1):57-64.

138

Ellenbogen KA, Dias VC, Cardello FP, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravenous diltiazem in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(1):45-9.

139

Salerno DM, Dias VC, Kleiger RE, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous diltiazem for treatment of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. The Diltiazem-Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(15):1046-51.

140

Platia EV, Michelson EL, Porterfield JK, Das G. Esmolol versus verapamil in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(13):925-9.

141

Ellenbogen KA, Dias VC, Plumb VJ, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of continuous intravenous diltiazem infusion for 24-hour heart rate control during atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18(4):891-7.

142

Delle Karth G, Geppert A, Neunteufl T, et al. Amiodarone versus diltiazem for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(6):1149-53.

143

Clemo HF, Wood MA, Gilligan DM, Ellenbogen KA. Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(5):594-8.

144

Alboni P, Tomasi C, Menozzi C, et al. Efficacy and safety of out-of-hospital selfadministered single-dose oral drug treatment in the management of infrequent, welltolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001;37(2):548-53.

145

Ruder MA, Davis JC, Eldar M, et al. Clinical and electrophysiologic characterization of automatic junctional tachycardia in adults. Circulation. 1986;73(5):930-7.

146

Kumagai K, Yamato H, Yamanouchi Y, et al. Automatic junctional tachycardia in an adult. Clin Cardiol. 1990;13(11):813-6.

147

Sarubbi B, Musto B, Ducceschi V, et al. Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia in children and adolescents: a 20 year experience based study. Heart. 2002;88(2):188-90.

148

Sellers TDJr, Campbell RW, Bashore TM, Gallagher JJ. Effects of procainamide and quinidine sulfate in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation. 1977;55(1):15-22.

149

Ludmer PL, McGowan NE, Antman EM, Friedman PL. Efficacy of propafenone in WolffParkinson-White syndrome: electrophysiologic findings and long-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9(6):1357-63.

150

Sager PT, Bhandari AK. Wide Complex Tachycardias. Differential Diagnosis and Management. Cardiol Clin. 1991;9(4):595-618.

151

Wellens HJ, Brugada P, Abdollah H. Effect of amiodarone in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with or without Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am Heart J. 1983;106(4 Pt 2):876-80.

152

Holt P, Crick JC, Davies DW, Curry P. Intravenous amiodarone in the acute termination of supraventricular arrhythmias. Int J Cardiol. 1985;8(1):67-79.

153

Lévy S, Ricard P. Using the right drug: a treatment algorithm for regular supraventricular tachycardias. Eur Heart J. 1997;18 Suppl C:C27-С32.

154

Kappenberger LJ, Fromer MA, Steinbrunn W, Shenasa M. Efficacy of amiodarone in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with rapid ventricular response via accessory pathway during atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54(3):330-5.

155

Brunner S, Herbel R, Drobesch C, et al. Alcohol consumption, sinus tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmias at the Munich Octoberfest: results from the Munich Beer Related Electrocardiogram Workup Study (MunichBREW). Eur Heart J. 2017;38(27):2100-6.

156

Shen WK. How to manage patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(9):1015-9.

157

Klein I, Ojamaa K. Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(7):501-9.

158

Cappato R, Castelvecchio S, Ricci C, et al. Clinical efficacy of ivabradine in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind, crossover evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(15):1323-9.

159

Ptaszynski P, Kaczmarek K, Ruta J, et al. Metoprolol succinate vs. ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients unresponsive to previous pharmacological therapy. Europace. 2013;15(1):116-21.

160

Benezet-Mazuecos J, Rubio JM, Farré J, et al. Long-term outcomes of ivabradine in inappropriate sinus tachycardia patients: appropriate efficacy or inappropriate patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013;36(7):830-6.

161

Calò L, Rebecchi M, Sette A, et al. Efficacy of ivabradine administration in patients affected by inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(9):1318-23.

162

Dias da Silva VJ, Tobaldini E, Rocchetti M, et al. Modulation of sympathetic activity and heart rate variability by ivabradine. Cardiovasc Res. 2015;108(1):31-8.

163

Ptaszynski P, Kaczmarek K, Ruta J, et al. Ivabradine in combination with metoprolol succinate in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2013;18(4):338-44.

164

Gomes JA, Hariman RJ, Kang PS, Chowdry IH. Sustained symptomatic sinus node reentrant tachycardia: incidence, clinical significance, electrophysiologic observations and the effects of antiarrhythmic agents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985;5(1):45-57.

165

Malik AK, Ching CK, Liew R, et al. Successful ablation of sinus node reentrant tachycardia using remote magnetic navigation system. Europace. 2012;14(3):455-6.

166

Cossú SF, Steinberg JS. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias involving the sinus node: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998;41(1):51-63.

167

Sanders WEJr, Sorrentino RA, Greenfield RA, et al. Catheter ablation of sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23(4):926-34.

168

Fu Q, Vangundy TB, Shibata S, et al. Exercise training versus propranolol in the treatment of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Hypertension. 2011;58(2): 167-75.

169

Fu Q, Vangundy TB, Galbreath MM, et al. Cardiac origins of the postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(25):2858-68.

170

Winker R, Barth A, Bidmon D, et al. Endurance exercise training in orthostatic intolerance: a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension. 2005;45(3):391-8.

171

Jacob G, Shannon JR, Black B, et al. Effects of volume loading and pressor agents in idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia. Circulation. 1997;96(2):575-80.

172

Raj SR, Biaggioni I, Yamhure PC, et al. Renin-aldosterone paradox and perturbed blood volume regulation underlying postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation. 2005;111(13):1574-82.

173

Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni I, et al. Propranolol decreases tachycardia and improves symptoms in the postural tachycardia syndrome: less is more. Circulation. 2009;120(9):725-34.

174

Kanjwal K, Karabin B, Sheikh M, et al. Pyridostigmine in the treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia: a single-center experience. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34(6):750-5.

175

Raj SR, Black BK, Biaggioni I, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition improves tachycardia in postural tachycardia syndrome. Circulation. 2005;111(21):2734-40.

176

McDonald C, Frith J, Newton JL. Single centre experience of ivabradine in postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Europace. 2011;13(3):427-30.

177

Poutiainen AM, Koistinen MJ, Airaksinen KE, et al. Prevalence and natural course of ectopic atrial tachycardia. Eur Heart J. 1999;20(9):694-700.

178

Chiang CE, Chen SA, Wu TJ, et al. Incidence, significance, and pharmacological responses of catheter-induced mechanical trauma in patients receiving radiofrequency ablation for supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1994;90(4):1847-54.

179

Anguera I, Brugada J, Roba M, et al. Outcomes after radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 2001;87(7):886-90.

180

Biviano AB, Bain W, Whang W, et al. Focal left atrial tachycardias not associated with prior catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: clinical and electrophysiological characteristics. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(1):17-27.

181

Medi C, Kalman JM, Haqqani H, et al. Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy secondary to focal atrial tachycardia: long-term outcome after catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(19):1791-7.

182

Ouyang F, Ma J, Ho SY, et al. Focal atrial tachycardia originating from the non-coronary aortic sinus: electrophysiological characteristics and catheter ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(1):122-31.

183

Heusch A, Kramer HH, Krogmann ON, et al. Clinical experience with propafenone for cardiac arrhythmias in the young. Eur Heart J. 1994;15(8):1050-6.

184

Meles E, Carbone C, Maggiolini S, et al. A case of atrial tachycardia treated with ivabradine as bridge to ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26(5):565-8.

185

Bohora S, Lokhandwala Y, Parekh P, Vasavda A. Reversal of tachycardiomyopathy due to left atrial tachycardia by ivabradine. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22(3):340-2.

186

Guccione P, Paul T, Garson AJr. Long-term follow-up of amiodarone therapy in the young: continued efficacy, unimpaired growth, moderate side effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;15(5):1118-24.

187

von Bernuth G, Engelhardt W, Kramer HH, et al. Atrial automatic tachycardia in infancy and childhood. Eur Heart J. 1992;13(10):1410-5.

188

Marchlinski FE, Miller JM. Atrial arrhythmias exacerbated by theophylline: response to verapamil and evidence for triggered activity in man. Chest. 1985;88(6):931-4.

189

Hazard PB, Burnett CR. Treatment of multifocal atrial tachycardia with metoprolol. Crit Care Med. 1987;15(1):20-5.

190

Ueng KC, Lee SH, Wu DJ, et al. Radiofrequency catheter modification of atrioventricular junction in patients with COPD and medically refractory multifocal atrial tachycardia. Chest. 2000;117(1):52-9.

191

Natale A, Newby KH, Pisanó E, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic therapy versus first-line radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(7):1898-904.

192

Da Costa A, Thévenin J, Roche F, et al. Results from the Loire-Ardèche-Drôme-IsèrePuy-de-Dôme (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006;114(16):1676-81.

193

Satomi K, Chun KR, Tilz R, et al. Catheter ablation of multiple unstable macroreentrant tachycardia within the right atrium free wall in patients without previous cardiac surgery. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010;3(1):24-31.

194

Stevenson IH, Kistler PM, Spence SJ, et al. Scar-related right atrial macroreentrant tachycardia in patients without prior atrial surgery: electroanatomic characterization and ablation outcome. Heart Rhythm. 2005;2(6):594-601.

195

Jaïs P, Shah DC, Haïssaguerre M, et al. Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters. Circulation. 2000;101(25):2928-34.

196

Kall JG, Rubenstein DS, Kopp DE, et al. Atypical atrial flutter originating in the right atrial free wall. Circulation. 2000;101(3):270-9.

197

Nakagawa H, Shah N, Matsudaira K, et al. Characterization of reentrant circuit in macroreentrant right atrial tachycardia after surgical repair of congenital heart disease: isolated channels between scars allow “focal” ablation. Circulation. 2001;103(5):699-709.

198

Ouyang F, Ernst S, Vogtmann T, et al. Characterization of reentrant circuits in left atrial macroreentrant tachycardia: critical isthmus block can prevent atrial tachycardia recurrence. Circulation. 2002;105(16):1934-42.

199

Tai CT, Huang JL, Lin YK, et al. Noncontact three-dimensional mapping and ablation of upper loop re-entry originating in the right atrium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40(4):746-53.

200

Luchsinger JA, Steinberg JS. Resolution of cardiomyopathy after ablation of atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32(1):205-10.

201

Blackshear JL, Stambler BS, Strauss WE, et al. Control of heart rate during transition from intravenous to oral diltiazem in atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(11):1246-50.

202

Sohinki D, Ho J, Srinivasan N, et al. Outcomes after atrioventricular node ablation and biventricular pacing in patients with refractory atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a comparison between non-ischaemic and ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Europace. 2014;16(6):880-6.

203

Stavrakis S, Garabelli P, Reynolds DW, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy after atrioventricular junction ablation for symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Europace. 2012;14(10):1490-7.

204

Brignole M, Botto G, Mont L, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(19):2420-9.

205

Chen YL, Lin YS, Wang HT, et al. Clinical outcomes of solitary atrial flutter patients using anticoagulation therapy: a national cohort study. Europace. 2019;21(2):313-21.

206

Wood KA, Eisenberg SJ, Kalman JM, et al. Risk of thromboembolism in chronic atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79(8):1043-7.

207

Seidl K, Hauer B, Schwick NG, et al. Risk of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(5):580-3.

208

Ghali WA, Wasil BI, Brant R, et al. Atrial flutter and the risk of thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2005;118(2):101-7.

209

Vadmann H, Nielsen PB, Hjortshøj SP, et al. Atrial flutter and thromboembolic risk: a systematic review. Heart. 2015;101(18):1446-55.

210

Lin YS, Chen YL, Chen TH, et al. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter Stratified by CHA2DS2-VASc Score. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(4):e180941.

211

Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace. 2016;18(11):1609-78.

212

Katritsis DG, Zografos T, Siontis KC, et al. Endpoints for Successful Slow Pathway Catheter Ablation in Typical and Atypical Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia: A Contemporary, Multicenter Study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019;5(1):113-9.

213

Katritsis DG, Zografos T, Katritsis GD, et al. Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with symptomatic atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: a randomized, controlled trial. Europace. 2017;19(4):602-6.

214

Katritsis DG, John RM, Latchamsetty R, et al. Left Septal Slow Pathway Ablation for Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11(3):e005907.

215

Katritsis DG, Marine JE, Contreras FM, et al. Catheter Ablation of Atypical Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia. Circulation. 2016;134(21):1655-63.

216

Stavrakis S, Jackman WM, Lockwood D, et al. Slow/Fast Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia Using the Inferolateral Left Atrial Slow Pathway. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2018;11(9):e006631.

217

Rinkenberger RL, Prystowsky EN, Heger JJ, et al. Effects of intravenous and chronic oral verapamil administration in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Circulation. 1980;62(5):996-1010.

218

Winniford MD, Fulton KL, Hillis LD. Long-term therapy of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a randomized, double-blind comparison of digoxin, propranolol and verapamil. Am J Cardiol. 1984;54(8):1138-9.

219

Sanatani S, Potts JE, Reed JH, et al. The Study of Antiarrhythmic Medications in Infancy (SAMIS): A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Digoxin Versus Propranolol for Prophylaxis of Supraventricular Tachycardia in Infants. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(5):984-91.

220

D’Este D, Zoppo F, Bertaglia E, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia. Int J Cardiol. 2007;115(3):350-3.

221

Paul T, Reimer A, Janousek J, Kallfelz HC. Efficacy and safety of propafenone in congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20(4):911-4.

222

Hamdan M, Van Hare GF, Fisher W, et al. Selective catheter ablation of the tachycardia focus in patients with nonreentrant junctional tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(11):1292-7.

223

Hamdan MH, Badhwar N, Scheinman MM, et al. Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in the evaluation and management of adult patients with focal junctional tachycardia. Card Electrophysiol Rev. 2002;6(4):431-5.

224

Dieks JK, Klehs S, Müller MJ, et al. Adjunctive ivabradine in combination with amiodarone: A novel therapy for pediatric congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(6):1297-302.

225

Jackman WM, Wang XZ, Friday KJ, et al. Catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) by radiofrequency current. N Engl J Med. 1991;324(23):1605-11.

226

Katritsis D, Bashir Y, Heald S, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways: implications of accumulated experience and time dedicated to procedures. Eur Heart J. 1994;15(3):339-44.

227

Schlüter M, Geiger M, Siebels J, et al. Catheter ablation using radiofrequency current to cure symptomatic patients with tachyarrhythmias related to an accessory atrioventricular pathway. Circulation. 1991;84(4):1644-61.

228

Bravo L, Atienza F, Eidelman G, et al. Safety and efficacy of cryoablation vs. radiofrequency ablation of septal accessory pathways: systematic review of the literature and metaanalyses. Europace. 2018;20(8):1334-42.

229

Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, et al. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation. 2014;130(10):811-9.

230

Xue Y, Zhan X, Wu S, et al. Experimental, Pathologic, and Clinical Findings of Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Para-Hisian Region From the Right Ventricle in Dogs and Humans. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10(6):e005207.

231

Katritsis D, Giazitzoglou E, Korovesis S, Zambartas C. Comparison of the transseptal approach to the transaortic approach for ablation of left-sided accessory pathways in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91(5):610-3.

232

Mauritson DR, Winniford MD, Walker WS, et al. Oral verapamil for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a long-term, double-blind randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96(4):409-12.

233

Sakurai M, Yasuda H, Kato N, et al. Acute and chronic effects of verapamil in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J. 1983;105(4):619-28.

234

Vassiliadis I, Papoutsakis P, Kallikazaros I, Stefanadis C. Propafenone in the prevention of non-ventricular arrhythmias associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Int J Cardiol. 1990;27(1):63-70.

235

Morady F, DiCarlo LAJr, Baerman JM, De Buitleir M. Effect of propranolol on ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1987;10(3 Pt 1):492-6.

236

Boriani G, Biffi M, Frabetti L, et al. Ventricular fibrillation after intravenous amiodarone in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 1996;131(6):1214-6.

237

Schützenberger W, Leisch F, Gmeiner R. Enhanced accessory pathway conduction following intravenous amiodarone in atrial fibrillation. A case report. Int J Cardiol. 1987;16(1):93-5.

238

Tijunelis MA, Herbert ME. Myth: Intravenous amiodarone is safe in patients with atrial fibrillation and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in the emergency department. CJEM. 2005;7(4):262-5.

239

Opie LH. Calcium Channel Antagonists. Part III: Use and Comparative Efficacy in Hypertension and Supraventricular Arrhythmias. Minor Indications. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1988;1(6):625-56.

240

Pujol C, Niesert AC, Engelhardt A, et al. Usefulness of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(3):450-5.

241

Lin JH, Kean AC, Cordes TM. The Risk of Thromboembolic Complications in Fontan Patients with Atrial Flutter/Fibrillation Treated with Electrical Cardioversion. Pediatr Cardiol. 2016;37(7):1351-60.

242

Ammash NM, Phillips SD, Hodge DO, et al. Outcome of direct current cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2012;154(3):270-4.

243

Scaglione M, Caponi D, Ebrille E, et al. Very long-term results of electroanatomic-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with surgically corrected atrial septal defect. Europace. 2014;16(12):1800-7.

244

Wu J, Deisenhofer I, Ammar S, et al. Acute and long-term outcome after catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients after the Mustard or Senning operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Europace. 2013;15(6):886-91.

245

Roten L, Lukac P, DE Groot N, et al. Catheter ablation of arrhythmias in ebstein’s anomaly: a multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22(12):1391-6.

246

Barton AL, Moffett BS, Valdes SO, et al. Efficacy and Safety of High-Dose Propranolol for the Management of Infant Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias. J Pediatr. 2015;166(1):115-8.

247

Deal BJ, Mavroudis C. Arrhythmia Surgery for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2017;9(2):329-40.

248

Shivapour JK, Sherwin ED, Alexander ME, et al. Utility of preoperative electrophysiologic studies in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly undergoing the Cone procedure. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(2):182-6.

249

Deal BJ, Mavroudis C, Backer CL, et al. Comparison of anatomic isthmus block with the modified right atrial maze procedure for late atrial tachycardia in Fontan patients. Circulation. 2002;106(5):575-9.

250

Koyak Z, Kroon B, de Groot JR, et al. Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in adults with congenital heart disease and supraventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(9):1461-7.

251

Coughtrie AL, Behr ER, Layton D, et al. Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort. BMJ Open. 2017;7(10):e016627.

252

Guccione P, Drago F, Di Donato RM, et al. Oral Propafenone Therapy for Children With Arrhythmias: Efficacy and Adverse Effects in Midterm Follow-Up. Am Heart J. 1991;122(4 Pt 1):1022-7.

253

Driver K, Chisholm CA, Darby AE, et al. Catheter ablation of arrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2015;26(6):698-702.

254

Chen G, Sun G, Xu R, et al. Zero-fluoroscopy catheter ablation of severe drug-resistant arrhythmia guided by Ensite NavX system during pregnancy: two case reports and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(32):e4487.

255

Szumowski L, Szufladowicz E, Orczykowski M, et al. Ablation of severe drug-resistant tachyarrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010;21(8):877-82.

256

Moore JS, Teefey P, Rao K, et al. Maternal arrhythmia: a case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012;67(5):298-312.

257

Wang YC, Chen CH, Su HY, Yu MH. The impact of maternal cardioversion on fetal haemodynamics. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;126(2):268-9.

258

Elkayam U, Goodwin TM. Adenosine therapy for supraventricular tachycardia during pregnancy. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(7):521-3.

259

Ghosh N, Luk A, Derzko C, et al. The acute treatment of maternal supraventricular tachycardias during pregnancy: a review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2011;33(1):17-23.

260

Halpern DG, Weinberg CR, Pinnelas R, et al. Use of Medication for Cardiovascular Disease During Pregnancy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(4):457-6.

261

Liu YL, Nwosu UC, Rice PJ. Relaxation of isolated human myometrial muscle by beta2-adrenergic receptors but not beta1-adrenergic receptors. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(4):895-8.

262

Tanaka K, Tanaka H, Kamiya C, et al. Beta-Blockers and Fetal Growth Restriction in Pregnant Women With Cardiovascular Disease. Circ J. 2016;80(10):2221-6.

263

Bateman BT, Heide-Jørgensen U, Einarsdóttir K, et al. β-Blocker Use in Pregnancy and the Risk for Congenital Malformations: An International Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(10):665-73.

264

Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur Heart J. 2018:39(34):3165-241.

265

Raman AS, Sharma S, Hariharan R. Minimal Use of Fluoroscopy to Reduce Fetal Radiation Exposure During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Maternal Supraventricular Tachycardia. Tex Heart Inst J. 2015;42(2):152-4.

266

Bathina MN, Mickelsen S, Brooks C, et al. Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Versus Medical Therapy for Initial Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia and Its Impact on Quality of Life and Healthcare Costs. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(5):589-93.

267

Papiashvili G, Tabagari-Bregvadze N, Brugada J. Impact of radiofrequency catheter ablation on health-related quality of life assessed by the SF-36 questionnaire in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Georgian Med News. 2018 eb;(Issue):54-7.

268

Suzuki S, Sagara K, Otsuka T, et al. Usefulness of frequent supraventricular extrasystoles and a high CHADS2 score to predict first-time appearance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(11):1602-7.

269

Dewland TA, Vittinghoff E, Mandyam MC, et al. Atrial ectopy as a predictor of incident atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):721-8.

270

Gladstone DJ, Dorian P, Spring M, et al. Atrial premature beats predict atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke: results from the EMBRACE trial. Stroke. 2015;46(4):936-41.

271

Lishmanov A, Chockalingam P, Senthilkumar A, Chockalingam A. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy: evaluation and therapeutic options. Congest Heart Fail. 2010;16(3):122-6.

272

Mueller KAL, Heinzmann D, Klingel K, et al. Histopathological and Immunological Characteristics of Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(17):2160-72.

273

Huizar JF, Ellenbogen KA, Tan AY, Kaszala K. Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(18):2328-44.

274

Gupta S, Figueredo VM. Tachycardia mediated cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology, mechanisms, clinical features and management. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172(1):40-6.

275

Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129-220.

276

Kotecha D, Flather MD, Altman DG, et al. Heart Rate and Rhythm and the Benefit of BetaBlockers in Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(24):2885-96.

277

Pappone C, Santinelli V, Rosanio S, et al. Usefulness of invasive electrophysiologic testing to stratify the risk of arrhythmic events in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-ParkinsonWhite pattern: results from a large prospective long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(2):239-44.

278

Pappone C, Santinelli V. Should catheter ablation be performed in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome? Catheter ablation should be performed in asymptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Circulation. 2005;112(14):2207-15.

279

Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F, et al. Asymptomatic ventricular preexcitation: a longterm prospective follow-up study of 293 adult patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009;2(2):102-7.

280

Pappone C, Vicedomini G, Manguso F, et al. Risk of malignant arrhythmias in initially symptomatic patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: results of a prospective longterm electrophysiological follow-up study. Circulation. 2012;125(5):661-8.

281

Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al. A randomized study of prophylactic catheter ablation in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(19):1803-11.

282

Al-Khatib SM, Arshad A, Balk EM, et al. Risk Stratification for Arrhythmic Events in Patients With Asymptomatic Pre-Excitation: A Systematic Review for the 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13):1624-38.

283

Pappone C, Manguso F, Santinelli R, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in children with asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(12):1197-205.

284

Kubuš P, Vít P, Gebauer RA, et al. Electrophysiologic profile and results of invasive risk stratification in asymptomatic children and adolescents with the Wolff-Parkinson-White electrocardiographic pattern. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(2):218-23.

285

Satoh M, Aizawa Y, Funazaki T, et al. Electrophysiologic evaluation of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1989;12(3):413-20.

286

Klein GJ, Yee R, Sharma AD. Longitudinal electrophysiologic assessment of asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White electrocardiographic pattern. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(19):1229-33.

287

Calkins H, Yong P, Miller JM, et al. Catheter ablation of accessory pathways, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, and the atrioventricular junction: final results of a prospective, multicenter clinical trial. The Atakr Multicenter Investigators Group. Circulation. 1999;99(2):262-70.

288

Belhassen B, Rogowski O, Glick A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways: a 14 year experience at the Tel Aviv Medical Center in 508 patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007;9(4):265-70.

289

Sharma AD, Yee R, Guiraudon G, Klein GJ. Sensitivity and specificity of invasive and noninvasive testing for risk of sudden death in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;10(2):373-81.

290

Gaita F, Giustetto C, Riccardi R, et al. Stress and pharmacologic tests as methods to identify patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome at risk of sudden death. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(8):487-90.

291

Spar DS, Silver ES, Hordof AJ, Liberman L. Relation of the utility of exercise testing for risk assessment in pediatric patients with ventricular preexcitation to pathway location. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(7):1011-4.

292

Wackel P, Irving C, Webber S, et al. Risk stratification in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: the correlation between noninvasive and invasive testing in pediatric patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012;35(12):1451-7.

293

Daubert C, Ollitrault J, Descaves C, et al. Failure of the exercise test to predict the anterograde refractory period of the accessory pathway in Wolff Parkinson White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1988;11(8):1130-8.

294

Jastrzębski M, Kukla P, Pitak M, et al. Intermittent preexcitation indicates “a low-risk” accessory pathway: Time for a paradigm shift? Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2017;22(6):e12464.

295

Gemma LW, Steinberg LA, Prystowsky EN, Padanilam BJ. Development of rapid preexcited ventricular response to atrial fibrillation in a patient with intermittent preexcitation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24(3):347-50.

296

Kiger ME, McCanta AC, Tong S, et al. Intermittent Versus Persistent Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome in Children: Electrophysiologic Properties and Clinical Outcomes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;39(1):14-20.

297

Cohen M. Intermittent Preexcitation: Should We Rethink the Current Guidelines? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2016;39(1):9-11.

298

Mah DY, Sherwin ED, Alexander ME, et al. The Electrophysiological Characteristics of Accessory Pathways in Pediatric Patients With Intermittent Preexcitation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2013;36(9):1117-22.

299

Etheridge SP, Escudero CA, Blaufox AD, et al. Life-Threatening Event Risk in Children With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: A Multicenter International Study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2018;4(4):433-44.

300

Santinelli V, Radinovic A, Manguso F, et al. The natural history of asymptomatic ventricular pre-excitation a long-term prospective follow-up study of 184 asymptomatic children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(3):275-80.

301

Spector P, Reynolds MR, Calkins H, et al. Meta-analysis of ablation of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(5):671-7.

302

Bunch TJ, May HT, Bair TL, et al. Long-Term Natural History of Adult Wolff-ParkinsonWhite Syndrome Patients Treated With and Without Catheter Ablation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8(6):1465-71.

303

Telishevska M, Hebe J, Paul T, et al. Catheter ablation in ASymptomatic PEDiatric patients with ventricular preexcitation: results from the multicenter “CASPED” study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108(6):683-90.

304

Dai C, Guo B, Li W, et al. The effect of ventricular pre-excitation on ventricular wall motion and left ventricular systolic function. Europace. 2018;20(7):1175-81.

305

Kohli U, Pumphrey KL, Ahmed A, Das S. Pre-excitation Induced Ventricular Dysfunction and Successful Berlin Heart Explantation After Accessory Pathway Ablation. J Electrocardiol. 2018;51(6):1067-70.

306

Nagai T, Hamabe A, Arakawa J, et al. The Impact of Left Ventricular Deformation and Dyssynchrony on Improvement of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Following Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: A Comprehensive Study by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2017;34(11):1610-6.

307

Kwon EN, Carter KA, Kanter RJ. Radiofrequency catheter ablation for dyssynchronyinduced dilated cardiomyopathy in an infant. Congenit Heart Dis. 2014;9(6):E179-Е184.

308

Brembilla-Perrot B, Holban I, Houriez P, et al. Influence of age on the potential risk of sudden death in asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001;24(10):1514-8.

309

Приказ Минздрава РФ от 20 июня 2013 г. N 388н “Об утверждении порядка оказания скорой, в том числе скорой специализированной медицинской помощи” (Зарегистрировано в Минюсте России 16.08.2013 N 29422) п. 4,5,6

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of June 20, 2013 N 388n “On approval of the procedure for providing emergency, including emergency specialized medical care” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on 16.08.2013 N 29422) p. 4,5,6. (In Russ.)

310

Приказ Минздрава России от 10.05.2017 N 203н “Об утверждении критериев оценки качества медицинской помощи” (Зарегистрировано в Минюсте России 17.05.2017 N 46740) п. 2.2. “Критерии качества в стационарных условиях и в условиях дневного стационара”.

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 10.05.2017 N 203n “On approval of criteria for assessing the quality of medical care” (Registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on 17.05.2017 N 46740) p. 2.2. “Quality criteria in inpatient and day hospital conditions”. (In Russ.)

311

Приказ Министерства Здравоохранения РФ от 22 февраля 2019 г. N 89н “О внесении изменений в порядок оказания медицинской помощи больным с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, утвержденный приказом министерства здравоохранения РФ” от 15 ноября 2012 г. N 918н.

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of February 22, 2019 N 89n “On Amendments to the procedure for providing medical care to patients with cardiovascular diseases, approved by the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation” of November 15, 2012 N 918n. (In Russ.)

312

Приказ Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития Российской Федерации от 23 апреля 2009 г. N 210н (зарегистрирован Министерством юстиции Российской Федерации 5 июня 2009 г., регистрационный N 14032), с изменениями, внесенными приказом Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития Российской Федерации от 9 февраля 2011 г. N 94н (зарегистрирован Министерством юстиции Российской Федерации 16 марта 2011 г., регистрационный N 20144), по профилю “кардиология”, “сердечно-сосудистая хирургия”.

Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of April 23, 2009 N 210n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on June 5, 2009, registration N 14032), as amended by the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation of February 9, 2011 N 94n (registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on March 16, 2011, registration N 20144), in the profile “cardiology”, “cardiovascular surgery”. (In Russ.).

313

Приказ Министерства здравоохранения РФ от 15 ноября 2012 г. N 918н “Об утверждении Порядка оказания медицинской помощи больным с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями” (с изменениями и дополнениями) п. 23-29.

Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of November 15, 2012 N 918n “On approval of the Procedure for providing medical care to patients with cardiovascular diseases” (as amended) p. 23-29. (In Russ.)

314

Ревишвили А.Ш., Бойцов С.А., Давтян К.В. и др. Клинические рекомендации по проведению электрофизиологических исследований, катетерной абляции и применению имплантируемых антиаритмических устройств. Москва, 2017. 702 с.

Revishvili ASh, Boitsov SA, Davtyan KV, etc. Clinical recommendations for conducting electrophysiological studies, catheter ablation, and the use of implantable antiarrhythmic devices. Moscow, 2017. 702 p. (In Russ.)

315

Avanzas P, Arroyo-Espliguero R, Cosín-Sales J, et al. Multiple complex stenoses, high neutrophil count and C-reactive protein levels in patients with chronic stable angina. Atherosclerosis. 2004;75(1):151-7.

316

Morici N, Cantoni S, Soriano F, et al. Relevance of complete blood count parameters in the assessment of acute coronary syndromes: a combined hematological and cardiological perspective. G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2019;20(12):694-705.

317

Núñez J, Miñana G, Bodí V, et al. Low lymphocyte count and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(21):3226-33.

318

Bonaque JC, Pascual-Figal DA, Manzano-Fernández S, et al. Red blood cell distribution width adds prognostic value for outpatients with chronic heart failure. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2012;65(7):606-12.

319

Suh S, Cho YR, Park MK, et al. Relationship between serum bilirubin levels and cardiovascular disease. PLoS One. 2018;15;13(2):e0193041.

320

Kunutsor SK, Bakker SJL, Gansevoort RT, et al. Circulating total bilirubin and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in the general population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35(3):716-24.

321

Sibilitz KL, Benn M, Nordestgaard BG. Creatinine, eGFR and association with myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease and early death in the general population. Atherosclerosis. 2014;237(1):67-75.

322

Schmidt M, Mansfield KE, Bhaskaran K. Serum creatinine elevation after renin-angiotensin system blockade and long term cardiorenal risks: cohort study. BMJ. 2017;9;356:j791.

323

Zamora E, Lupón J, Urrutia A. Estimated creatinine clearance: a determinant prognostic factor in heart failure. Med Clin (Barc). 2008:14;131(2):47-51.

324

Xue JL, Frazier ET, Herzog CA, Collins AJ. Association of heart disease with diabetes and hypertension in patients with ESRD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005:45(2):316-23.

325

Zhang Q-L, Brenner H, Koenig W, Rothenbacher D. Prognostic value of chronic kidney disease in patients with coronary heart disease: role of estimating equations. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211(1):342-7.

326

Dobre D, Rossignol P, Metra M, Zannad F. Can we prevent or treat renal dysfunction in chronic heart failure? Heart Fail Rev. 2012;17(2):283-90.

327

Gai J-J, Gai L-Y, Liu H-B, et al. Correlation of heart and kidney biomarkers to the pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndrome. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2010;30(5):1122-6.

328

Colwell L, Quinn L. Glycemic control and heart disease. Nurs Clin North Am. 2001;36(2):321- 31, vii-viii.

329

Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutsch SM. Diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, atherosclerotic risk factors, and prevalence of coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2000;1;86(9):897-902.

330

Kadowaki S, Okamura T, Hozawa A. Relationship of elevated casual blood glucose level with coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the Japanese population. NIPPON DATA80. Diabetologia. 2008;51(4):575-82.

331

Ewid M, Sherif H, Allihimy AS, et al. AST/ALT ratio predicts the functional severity of chronic heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. BMC Res Notes. 2020;24;13(1):178.

332

Lazo M, Rubin J, Clark JM, et al. The association of liver enzymes with biomarkers of subclinical myocardial damage and structural heart disease. J Hepatol. 2015;62(4):841-7.

333

Goncalvesova E, Kovacova M. Heart failure affects liver morphology and function. What are the clinical implications? Bratisl Lek Listy. 2018;119(2):98-102.

334

Saely CH, Vonbank A, Rein P, et al. Alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase are associated with the metabolic syndrome but not with angiographically determined coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2008;397(1-2):82-6.

335

Pilarczyk K, Carstens H, Heckmann J, et al. The aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase (DeRitis) ratio predicts mid-term mortality and renal and respiratory dysfunction after left ventricular assist device implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;1;52(4):781-8.

336

Nishimura M, Nakayama K, Ishikawa Y. Cardiac arrhythmias caused by electrolyte imbalance. Nihon Rinsho. 1996;54(8):2207-12.

337

Mak WW, Nurazni RAR, Badrulnizam LBM. Severe hypothyroidism presenting with supraventricular tachycardia. Med J Malaysia. 2018;73(5):349-50.

338

Hadidy S, Issa F, Hourani N. Supraventricular arrhythmias and the relation to thyroid dysfunction in a group of Syrian patients. Trop Geogr Med. 1986;38(2):158-61.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.