<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">russjcardiol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Российский кардиологический журнал</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Cardiology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1560-4071</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7620</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15829/1560-4071-2019-11-98-111</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">russjcardiol-3581</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современная парадигма патофизиологии,  профилактики  и лечения  сердечной недостаточности при сахарном диабете 2 типа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The modern paradigm of pathophysiology, prevention and treatment of heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-4282</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобалава</surname><given-names>Ж. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobalava</surname><given-names>Zh. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кобалава Жанна Давидовна — доктор медицинских наук,  профессор, заведующая кафедрой внутренних болезней с курсом кардиологии и функциональной диагностики им. академика В.С. Моисеева</p><p>Москва.</p><p>SPIN: 9828-5409</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna D. Kobalava - MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of the Internal Diseases.</p><p>Moscow.</p><p>SPIN: 9828-5409</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zkobalava@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5996-8305</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медовщиков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medovchshikov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Медовщиков Вадим Владимирович — аспирант кафедры внутренних болезней с курсом кардиологии и функциональной диагностики им. академика В.С. Моисеева</p><p>Москва.</p><p>SPIN: 6328-4279</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim V. Medovchshikov - MD, PhD student.</p><p>Moscow.</p><p>SPIN: 6328-4279</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vadimedov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-754X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ешниязов</surname><given-names>Н. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yeshniyazov</surname><given-names>N. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ешниязов Нурлан Булатович — аспирант кафедры внутренних болезней с курсом кардиологии и функциональной диагностики им. академика В.С. Моисеева.</p><p>Москва.</p><p>SPIN: 3153-2533</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nurlan B.Yeshniyazov - MD, PhD student.</p><p>Moscow.</p><p>SPIN: 3153-2533</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">77017855459@yandex.kz</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8388-2413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хасанова</surname><given-names>Э. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khasanova</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хасанова Элина Ремовна — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры внутренних болезней с курсом кардиологии и функциональной диагностики им. академика В.С. Моисеева</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elina R.Khasanova - MD, PhD, associate professor.</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elina2512@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН), Городская клиническая больница им. В.В. Виноградова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Vinogradov City Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российский университет дружбы народов (РУДН)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>98</fpage><lpage>111</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кобалава Ж.Д., Медовщиков В.В., Ешниязов Н.Б., Хасанова Э.Р., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кобалава Ж.Д., Медовщиков В.В., Ешниязов Н.Б., Хасанова Э.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kobalava Z.D., Medovchshikov V.V., Yeshniyazov N.B., Khasanova E.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3581">https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3581</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальной проблемой  при сахарном  диабете  2 типа (СД2) остается профилактика и выбор терапевтических  стратегий  при сердечной  недостаточности (СН). В настоящем  обзоре  изложена современная концепция формирования СН при СД2 начиная с его ранних этапов, а также рассмотрены группы сахароснижающих и кардиологических  препаратов  для профилактики и лечения СН в зависимости от ее фенотипов у пациентов с СД2.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Prevention and choice  of therapeutic strategies in patient,s  with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and heart failure (HF) is an urgent problem. This review presents a modern concept for HF development  from early  stages of T2D. Glucose-lowering  and cardiac  medications  for the  prevention  and  treatment of HF depending   on  its phenotypes were considered.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет</kwd><kwd>сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>субклиническая дисфункция миокарда</kwd><kwd>диабетическая кардиомиопатия</kwd><kwd>диабетическая нефропатия</kwd><kwd>сохраненная фракция выброса</kwd><kwd>патофизиология</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы НГЛТ2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes</kwd><kwd>heart  failure</kwd><kwd>subclinical myocardial  dysfunction</kwd><kwd>diabetic cardiomyopathy</kwd><kwd>diabetic nephropathy</kwd><kwd>preserved ejection fraction</kwd><kwd>pathophysiology</kwd><kwd>SGLT2 inhibitors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шестакова М. В., Дедов И. И. Сахарный диабет в Российской Федерации: аргументы и факты. Терапевтический архив. 2016;88(10):4-8. doi:10.17116/terarkh201688104-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova MV, Dedov II.  Diabetes  mellitus in the  Russian  Federation: Arguments  and facts.  Ter Arkh. 2016;88(10):4-8. (In Russ.) doi:10.17116/terarkh201688104-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell ND, Cooper ME. 50 years forward: mechanisms of hyperglycaemia-driven diabetic complications. Diabetologia. 2015;58(8):1708-14. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3600-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell ND, Cooper ME. 50 years forward: mechanisms of hyperglycaemia-driven diabetic complications. Diabetologia. 2015;58(8):1708-14. doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3600-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gregg EW, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990-2010. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(16):1514-23. doi:10.1056/ NEJMoa1310799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gregg  EW, Li  Y,  Wang  J,  et  al.  Changes in diabetes-related  complications in the United States, 1990-2010. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(16):1514-23. doi:10.1056/ NEJMoa1310799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И. И., Шестакова М. В., Викулова О. К., и др. Сахарный диабет в Российской Федерации: распространенность, заболеваемость, смертность, параметры углеводного обмена и структура сахароснижающей терапии по данным Федерального регистра сахарного диабета, статус 2017 г. Сахарный диабет. 2018;21(3):144-59. doi:10.14341/DM9686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov II,  Shestakova MV, Vikulova  OK, et  al. Diabetes  mellitus in Russian  Federation: prevalence, morbidity, mortality, parameters of glycaemic control and structure of hypoglycaemic therapy according to the Federal Diabetes  Register, status 2017. Diabetes Mellitus. 2018;21(3):144-59. (In Russ.) doi:10.14341/DM9686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso-Morán E, Orueta JF, Fraile Esteban JI, et al. The prevalence of diabetes-related complications and multimorbidity in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1059. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso-Morán  E, Orueta  JF,  Fraile Esteban JI, et  al. The prevalence of diabetes-related   complications  and  multimorbidity  in the  population  with type  2  diabetes mellitus in the Basque  Country. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1059. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1059.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paneni F. Empagliflozin across the stages of diabetic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(5):371-3. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paneni F. Empagliflozin  across  the   stages  of  diabetic   heart   disease.  Eur  Heart J. 2018;39(5):371-3. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dei Cas A, Khan SS, Butler J, et al. Impact of Diabetes on Epidemiology, Treatment and Outcomes of Patients with Heart Failure. JACC Heart Failure. 2015;3:136-45. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2014.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dei Cas  A, Khan SS,  Butler J,  et  al. Impact  of Diabetes  on  Epidemiology,  Treatment and  Outcomes  of  Patients   with Heart  Failure.  JACC  Heart  Failure.  2015;3:136-45. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2014.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lundbaek K. Diabetic angiopathy. A specific vascular disease. Lancet 1954;263:377-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(54)90924-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lundbaek K. Diabetic  angiopathy. A  specific  vascular  disease. Lancet  1954;263:377-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(54)90924-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1979;241(19):2035-8. doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03290450033020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kannel WB, McGee  DL. Diabetes  and  cardiovascular disease. The Framingham  study. JAMA. 1979;241(19):2035-8. doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03290450033020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405-12. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stratton  IM, Adler AI,  Neil HA, et al. Association  of glycaemia  with macrovascular and microvascular  complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405-12. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, et al. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2019 Jun 6:CIR0000000000000691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000691. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, et  al. Type 2 Diabetes  Mellitus and  Heart  Failure: A  Scientific  Statement  From  the  American  Heart  Association  and  the  Heart  Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2019 Jun 6:CIR0000000000000691. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000691. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кобалава Ж. Д., Кохан Е. В., Киякбаев Г. К., Шаваров А. А. Фибрилляция предсердий и артериальная гипертония: гендерные особенности желудочково-предсердного ремоделирования при сохраненной фракции выброса левого желудочка. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2017;13(4):541-9. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-4-541-549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobalava  ZD, Kokhan  EV, Kiyakbaev GK, Shavarov  AA.  Atrial  Fibrillation and  Arterial Hypertension:   Gender   Differences   of  Ventriculoatrial  Remodeling   with  Preserved Ejection Fraction.  Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(4):541-9. (In Russ.) doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-4-541-549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah AD, Langenberg C, Rapsomaniki E, et al. Type 2 diabetes and incidence of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1,9 million people. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:105-13. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70219-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah  AD, Langenberg  C,  Rapsomaniki   E,  et  al.  Type  2  diabetes and  incidence  of cardiovascular diseases: a cohort study in 1,9 million people. Lancet Diabetes  Endocrinol. 2015;3:105-13. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70219-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzén S, et al. Risk Factors, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(3):633-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800256.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rawshani  A, Rawshani  A, Franzén  S, et al. Risk Factors,  Mortality, and  Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients  with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(3):633-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800256.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347-57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca  MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347-57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1812389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zoppini G, Bergamini C, Bonapace S, et al. Association between subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction and glycemic control in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with preserved left ventricular function. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(6):1035-40. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.01.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zoppini G, Bergamini C, Bonapace S, et al. Association between subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction  and glycemic control in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic  patients with preserved left ventricular function. J Diabetes Complications. 2017;31(6):1035-40. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.01.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">From AM, Scott CG, Chen HH. The development of heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus and pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(4):300-5. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">From AM, Scott CG, Chen HH. The development of heart  failure in patients with diabetes mellitus and pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55(4):300-5. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faden G, Faganello G, De Feo S, et al. The increasing detection of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without overt cardiac disease: data from the SHORTWAVE study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(3):309-16. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.07.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faden  G, Faganello  G, De Feo S, et al. The increasing  detection of asymptomatic  left ventricular  dysfunction  in patients with type  2 diabetes mellitus without overt  cardiac disease: data from the SHORTWAVE study. Diabetes  Res Clin Pract. 2013;101(3):309-16. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.07.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selvin E, Lazo M, Chen Y, et al. Diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and incidence of subclinical myocardial damage. Circulation. 2014;130(16):1374-82. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010815.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selvin  E,  Lazo  M,  Chen  Y,  et  al.  Diabetes   mellitus,  prediabetes,  and  incidence  of subclinical myocardial damage. Circulation. 2014;130(16):1374-82. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010815.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ohkuma T, Jun M, Woodward M, et al. Cardiac Stress and Inflammatory Markers as Predictors of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(9):1203-9. doi:10.2337/dc17-0509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ohkuma  T, Jun  M, Woodward  M, et  al. Cardiac  Stress and  Inflammatory  Markers  as Predictors of Heart Failure in Patients  With Type 2 Diabetes:  The ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(9):1203-9. doi:10.2337/dc17-0509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maack C, Lehrke M, Backs J, et al. Heart failure and diabetes: metabolic alterations and therapeutic interventions: a state-of-the-art review from the Translational Research Committee of the Heart Failure Association-European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(48):4243-54. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy596.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maack  C, Lehrke  M, Backs  J,  et  al. Heart  failure and  diabetes: metabolic  alterations and therapeutic interventions:  a state-of-the-art review from the Translational Research Committee  of the Heart Failure Association-European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(48):4243-54. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy596.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Margulies KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield MM, et al. Effects of Liraglutide on Clinical Stability Among Patients With Advanced Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):500-8. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.10260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Margulies  KB, Hernandez AF, Redfield  MM, et  al.  Effects  of  Liraglutide  on  Clinical Stability Among Patients  With Advanced  Heart  Failure and  Reduced Ejection Fraction: A  Randomized  Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;316(5):500-8.  doi:10.1001/jama.2016.10260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jorsal A, Kistorp C, Holmager P, et al. Effect of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue, on left ventricular function in stable chronic heart failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)-a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(1):69-77. doi:10.1002/ejhf.657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jorsal  A, Kistorp C, Holmager  P,  et  al. Effect of liraglutide,  a glucagon-like  peptide-1 analogue, on  left ventricular  function  in stable  chronic  heart  failure patients with and without diabetes (LIVE)-a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(1):69-77. doi:10.1002/ejhf.657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJV, Ponikowski P, Bolli GB, et al. Effects of Vildagliptin on Ventricular Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(1):8-17. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray JJV, Ponikowski P, Bolli GB, et al. Effects of Vildagliptin on Ventricular Function in Patients  With Type 2 Diabetes  Mellitus and  Heart  Failure: A  Randomized  Placebo-Controlled Trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(1):8-17. doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мареев В. Ю., Фомин И. В., Агеев Ф. Т., и др. Клинические рекомендации ОССН-РКО-РНМОТ. Сердечная недостаточность: хроническая (ХСН) и острая декомпенсированная (ОДСН). Диагностика, профилактика и лечение. Кардиология. 2018;58(6S):8-158. doi:10.18087/cardio.2475.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mareev  VY,  Fomin IV,  Ageev FT, et al. Russian  Heart Failure Society,  Russian  Society of  Cardiology.  Russian   Scientific  Medical  Society  of  Internal  Medicine  Guidelines for  Heart   failure:  chronic   (CHF)  and   acute   decompensated  (ADHF). Diagnosis, prevention  and  treatment. Kardiologiia. 2018;58(6S):8-158. (In Russ.) doi:10.18087/cardio.2475.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):e147-239. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management  of heart  failure: a report  of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice  Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(16):e147-239. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zoroufian A, Razmi T, Taghavi-Shavazi M, et al. Evaluation of subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic patients: longitudinal strain velocities and left ventricular dyssynchrony by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography study. Echocardiography. 2014;31(4):456-63. doi:10.1111/echo.12389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zoroufian A, Razmi T, Taghavi-Shavazi  M, et al. Evaluation of subclinical  left ventricular dysfunction  in diabetic  patients: longitudinal strain velocities and left ventricular dyssynchrony by two-dimensional speckle  tracking echocardiography study. Echocardiography. 2014;31(4):456-63. doi:10.1111/echo.12389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leung M, Wong VW, Hudson M, Leung DY. Impact of Improved Glycemic Control on Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(3):e003643. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leung M, Wong VW, Hudson M, Leung DY. Impact of Improved Glycemic Control on Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetes  Mellitus. Circ Cardiovasc  Imaging. 2016;9(3):e003643. doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003643.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seferović PM, Paulus WJ. Clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy: a two-faced disease with restrictive and dilated phenotypes. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(27):1718-27, 1727a-1727c. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv134.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seferović  PM, Paulus  WJ. Clinical diabetic  cardiomyopathy: a two-faced disease with restrictive  and  dilated  phenotypes.  Eur  Heart J.  2015;36(27):1718-27,  1727a-1727c. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv134.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seferović PM, Petrie MC, Filippatos GS, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(5):853-72. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seferović PM, Petrie MC, Filippatos GS, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart  failure: a  position  statement from  the  Heart  Failure  Association  of  the  European Society  of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(5):853-72. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ofstad AP, Atar D, Gullestad L, et al. The heart failure burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus-a review of pathophysiology and interventions. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(3):303-23. doi:10.1007/s10741-018-9685-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ofstad AP, Atar D, Gullestad L, et al. The heart failure burden  of type 2 diabetes mellitus-a  review  of  pathophysiology  and  interventions.  Heart  Fail Rev.  2018;23(3):303-23. doi:10.1007/s10741-018-9685-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernardi S, Michelli A, Zuolo G, et al. Update on RAAS Modulation for the Treatment of Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:8917578. doi:10.1155/2016/8917578.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernardi  S,  Michelli A, Zuolo G, et  al. Update  on RAAS Modulation  for the  Treatment of Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. J Diabetes  Res.  2016;2016:8917578. doi:10.1155/2016/8917578.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersson C, Vasan RS. Epidemiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10(3):377-88. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2014.04.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersson  C, Vasan RS. Epidemiology of heart  failure with preserved ejection  fraction. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10(3):377-88. doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2014.04.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steinberg BA, Zhao X, Heidenreich PA, et al. Trends in patients hospitalized with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence, therapies, and outcomes. Circulation. 2012;126(1):65-75. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.080770.8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steinberg  BA, Zhao  X, Heidenreich   PA, et  al.  Trends  in  patients  hospitalized   with heart  failure and  preserved left ventricular ejection  fraction:  prevalence, therapies, and outcomes. Circulation. 2012;126(1):65-75. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.080770.8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon O, et al. Effect of Dapagliflozin on Heart Failure and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139(22):2528-36. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kato ET, Silverman MG, Mosenzon  O, et al. Effect of Dapagliflozin on Heart Failure and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes  Mellitus. Circulation.  2019;139(22):2528-36. doi:10.1161/ CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fang JC. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Kidney Disorder? Circulation. 2016;134(6):435-7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022249.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fang JC. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Kidney Disorder?  Circulation. 2016;134(6):435-7. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022249.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitchett D, Butler J, van de Borne P, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on risk for cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization across the spectrum of heart failure risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(5):363-70. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitchett D, Butler J, van de Borne P, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on risk for cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalization across the spectrum of heart failure risk in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial.  Eur  Heart J.  2018;39(5):363-70.  doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindman BR. The Diabetic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Phenotype: Is it Real and Is It Worth Targeting Therapeutically? Circulation. 2017;135(8):736-40. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025957.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindman BR. The Diabetic  Heart  Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction  Phenotype: Is it Real  and  Is It Worth Targeting  Therapeutically?   Circulation.  2017;135(8):736-40. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025957.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ter Maaten JM, Damman K, Verhaar MC, et al. Connecting heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and renal dysfunction: the role of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(6):588-98. doi:10.1002/ejhf.497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ter Maaten  JM, Damman  K, Verhaar MC, et al. Connecting heart  failure with preserved ejection   fraction   and   renal   dysfunction:   the   role  of  endothelial   dysfunction   and inflammation. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(6):588-98. doi:10.1002/ejhf.497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AlZadjali MA, Godfrey V, Khan F, et al. Insulin resistance is highly prevalent and is associated with reduced exercise tolerance in nondiabetic patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(9):747-53. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.081.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AlZadjali MA, Godfrey  V,  Khan  F,  et  al.  Insulin resistance is  highly prevalent  and  is associated with reduced exercise  tolerance in nondiabetic patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(9):747-53. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.081.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenberg BH, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Influence of diabetes on characteristics and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Am Heart J. 2007;154(2):277.e1-8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.05.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenberg BH, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Influence of diabetes on characteristics and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report from the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment  in Hospitalized Patients  with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF). Am Heart J. 2007;154(2):277.e1-8. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.05.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dauriz M, Targher G, Laroche C, et al. Association Between Diabetes and 1-Year Adverse Clinical Outcomes in a Multinational Cohort of Ambulatory Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From the ESC-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(5):671-8. doi:10.2337/dc16-2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dauriz M, Targher G, Laroche C, et al. Association Between Diabetes  and 1-Year Adverse Clinical Outcomes in a Multinational Cohort  of Ambulatory Patients  With Chronic Heart Failure: Results  From the  ESC-HFA Heart  Failure Long-Term  Registry.  Diabetes  Care. 2017;40(5):671-8. doi:10.2337/dc16-2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siedlecki Ł, Szyguła-Jurkiewicz B, Pyka Ł, et al. Clinical features, management and mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with heart failure — observations from the COMMIT-HF registry. Kardiochir Torakochirurgia Pol. 2017;14(3):170-4. doi:10.5114/kitp.2017.70530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siedlecki  Ł, Szyguła-Jurkiewicz  B,  Pyka  Ł, et  al.  Clinical features, management and mortality in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with heart failure — observations from the COMMIT-HF registry.  Kardiochir  Torakochirurgia   Pol.  2017;14(3):170-4.  doi:10.5114/kitp.2017.70530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арутюнов А.Г., Драгунов Д.О., Арутюнов Г.П., и др. Первое открытое исследование синдрома острой декомпенсации сердечной недостаточности и сопутствующих заболеваний в Российской Федерации. Независимый регистр ОРАКУЛ-РФ. Кардиология. 2015;55(5):12-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arutyunov AG, Dragunov DO, Arutyunov GP, et al. First Open  Study of Syndrome  of Acute Decompensation of Heart Failure and Concomitant Diseases in Russian Federation: Independent Registry ORAKUL. Kardiologiia. 2015;55(5):12-21. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andersson C, Norgaard ML, Hansen PR, et al. Heart failure severity, as determined by loop diuretic dosages, predicts the risk of developing diabetes after myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(12):1333-8. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfq160.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andersson C, Norgaard ML, Hansen PR, et al. Heart failure severity, as determined by loop diuretic dosages, predicts the risk of developing  diabetes after myocardial  infarction: a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12(12):1333-8. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfq160.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guglin M, Lynch K, Krischer J. Heart failure as a risk factor for diabetes mellitus. Cardiology. 2014;129(2):84-92. doi:10.1159/000363282.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guglin  M,  Lynch  K, Krischer J. Heart  failure  as  a  risk  factor  for  diabetes  mellitus. Cardiology. 2014;129(2):84-92. doi:10.1159/000363282.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benedict CR, Weiner DH, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparative neurohormonal responses in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:146A-153A.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benedict  CR, Weiner DH, Johnstone DE, et al. Comparative  neurohormonal responses in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction: results of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction  (SOLVD) registry.  J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:146A-153A.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riehle C, Abel ED. Insulin Signaling and Heart Failure. Circ Res. 2016;118(7):1151-69. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.306206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riehle C, Abel ED. Insulin Signaling and  Heart Failure. Circ Res.  2016;118(7):1151-69. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.306206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, et al. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation. 2005;111(11):1448-54. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000158483.13093.9D.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dandona   P,  Aljada A, Chaudhuri   A, et  al.  Metabolic  syndrome:  a  comprehensive perspective based  on  interactions  between  obesity,   diabetes,  and   inflammation. Circulation. 2005;111(11):1448-54. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000158483.13093.9D.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feldman AM, Combes A, Wagner D, et al. The role of tumor necrosis factor in the pathophysiology of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(3):537-44. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00600-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feldman  AM, Combes   A, Wagner  D, et  al.  The  role  of tumor  necrosis factor  in the pathophysiology of  heart  failure.  J  Am Coll Cardiol.  2000;35(3):537-44.  doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00600-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И. И., Шестакова М. В., Майоров А. Ю., и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. М.: УП ПРИНТ, 2019. p. 212. doi:10.14341/DM221S1. ISBN 978-5-91487-136-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Mayorov AYu, et al. Standards of specialized diabetes care.  M: UP PRINT, 2019. p. 212. (In Russ.) doi:10.14341/DM221S1. ISBN 978-5-91487-136-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes  Study Group, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545-59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(2):129-39. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808431.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duckworth  W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et  al. Glucose  control  and  vascular  complications in  veterans  with type  2  diabetes.  N  Engl  J  Med.  2009;360(2):129-39.  doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808431.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560-72. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802987.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560-72. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802987.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heller SR, ADVANCE Collaborative Group. A summary of the ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):S357-61. doi:10.2337/dc09-S339.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heller SR, ADVANCE Collaborative  Group.  A summary  of the  ADVANCE Trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):S357-61. doi:10.2337/dc09-S339.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macisaac RJ, Jerums G. Intensive glucose control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Heart Lung Circ. 2011;20(10):647-54. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2010.07.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macisaac RJ, Jerums G. Intensive glucose control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Heart Lung Circ. 2011;20(10):647-54. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2010.07.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castagno D, Baird-Gunning J, Jhund PS, et al. Intensive glycemic control has no impact on the risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients: evidence from a 37,229 patient metaanalysis. Am Heart J. 2011;162:938-948. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.07.030.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castagno D, Baird-Gunning J, Jhund  PS, et al. Intensive glycemic control has no impact on the risk of heart failure in type 2 diabetic patients: evidence from a 37,229 patient metaanalysis. Am Heart J. 2011;162:938-948. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.07.030.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bowes CD, Lien LF, Butler J. Assessment of Heart Failure in Diabetes Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials: Is What We Are Currently Capturing Adequate? Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(7):39. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1154-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bowes  CD, Lien LF, Butler J.  Assessment of Heart  Failure in Diabetes  Cardiovascular Outcomes  Trials:  Is  What  We  Are  Currently  Capturing  Adequate?  Curr  Diab  Rep. 2019;19(7):39. doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1154-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vijayakumar S, Vaduganathan M, Butler J. Glucose-Lowering Therapies and Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanistic Links, Clinical Data, and Future Directions. Circulation. 2018;137(10):1060-73. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032099.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vijayakumar S, Vaduganathan M, Butler J. Glucose-Lowering  Therapies  and Heart Failure in Type 2  Diabetes   Mellitus: Mechanistic  Links, Clinical Data,  and  Future  Directions. Circulation. 2018;137(10):1060-73. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032099.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кобалава Ж. Д., Киякбаев Г. К. Влияние сахароснижающих препаратов на прогноз сердечно-сосудистых осложнений при сахарном диабете 2-го типа: реалии и перспективы. Кардиология. 2018;58(1):53-65. doi:10.18087/cardio.2018.1.10082.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobalava ZhD, Kiyakbaev GK. Effects of Glucose  Lowering Drugs on Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes  Mellitus: Realities and  Perspectives. Kardiologiia. 2018;58(1):53-65. (In  Russ.) doi:10.18087/cardio.2018.1.10082.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галстян Г. Р., Гиляров М. Ю. Сердечная недостаточность у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа: влияние антидиабетической терапии. Сахарный диабет. 2016;19(3):229-36. doi:10.14341/DM2003451-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galstyan GR, Gilyarov MY. Heart failure in diabetes: effects of anti-hyperglycemic drug therapy. Diabetes  mellitus. 2016;19(3):229-36. (In Russ.) doi:10.14341/DM2003451-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019;393(10166):31-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis  of cardiovascular outcome trials.  Lancet.  2019;393(10166):31-9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32590-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1327-35. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305889.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1327-35. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1305889.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, et al. Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9982):2067-76. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62225-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zannad  F, Cannon  CP,  Cushman  WC, et  al.  Heart  failure  and  mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus  placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised,  double-blind trial.  Lancet.  2015;385(9982):2067-76.  doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62225-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1317-26. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1307684.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scirica  BM, Bhatt  DL, Braunwald  E, et  al. Saxagliptin  and  cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1317-26. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1307684.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):232-42. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1501352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(3):232-42. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1501352.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfeffer MA, Claggett B, Diaz R, et al. Lixisenatide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247-57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1509225.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfeffer  MA, Claggett  B,  Diaz R, et  al.  Lixisenatide  in Patients   with Type  2  Diabetes and Acute Coronary Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(23):2247-57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1509225.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311-22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J  Med.  2016;375(4):311-22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603827.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marso  SP,  Bain  SC,  Consoli  A, et  al.  Semaglutide and  Cardiovascular Outcomes  in Patients   with Type  2  Diabetes.  N  Engl  J  Med.  2016;375(19):1834-44.  doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holman RR, Bethel MA, Mentz RJ, et al. Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1228-39. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holman  RR,  Bethel   MA, Mentz  RJ,  et  al.  Effects   of  Once-Weekly   Exenatide   on Cardiovascular Outcomes  in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J  Med.  2017;377(13):1228-39. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1612917.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zinman B, Wanner  C, Lachin JM,  et  al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117-28. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1504720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rådholm K, Figtree G, Perkovic V, et al. Canagliflozin and Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circulation. 2018;138(5):458-68. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rådholm K, Figtree G, Perkovic V, et al. Canagliflozin and Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.  Circulation.  2018;138(5):458-68.  doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heerspink HJL, Kosiborod M, Inzucchi ES, Cherney DZI. Renoprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors. Kidney Int. 2018;94(1):26-39. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.12.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heerspink   HJL,  Kosiborod  M,  Inzucchi  ES,  Cherney   DZI.  Renoprotective  effects   of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.  Kidney Int. 2018;94(1):26-39. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2017.12.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lytvyn Y, Bjornstad P, Udell JA, et al. Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in Heart Failure: Potential Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Summary of Clinical Trials. Circulation. 2017;136(17):1643-58. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lytvyn Y, Bjornstad P, Udell JA, et al. Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition in Heart Failure:  Potential  Mechanisms, Clinical Applications,  and  Summary  of  Clinical Trials. Circulation. 2017;136(17):1643-58. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verma S, McMurray JJV. SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia. 2018;61(10):2108-17. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verma  S,  McMurray JJV. SGLT2 inhibitors and  mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review. Diabetologia.  2018;61(10):2108-17. doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4670-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tahrani AA, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ. Pharmacology and therapeutic implications of current drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(10):566-92. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tahrani AA, Barnett AH, Bailey CJ. Pharmacology and therapeutic implications of current drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016;12(10):566-92. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaplan A, Abidi E, El-Yazbi A, et al. Direct cardiovascular impact of SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms and effects. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(3):419-37. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9665-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan A, Abidi E, El-Yazbi  A, et  al. Direct cardiovascular impact  of SGLT2 inhibitors: mechanisms and  effects. Heart  Fail Rev. 2018;23(3):419-37. doi:10.1007/s10741-017-9665-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sano M. A new class of drugs for heart failure: SGLT2 inhibitors reduce sympathetic overactivity. J Cardiol. 2018;71(5):471-76. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.12.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sano M. A  new  class  of drugs  for heart  failure: SGLT2 inhibitors  reduce sympathetic overactivity. J Cardiol. 2018;71(5):471-76. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.12.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl 1):S90-S102. doi:10.2337/dc19-S009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Diabetes  Association.  9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl 1):S90-S102. doi:10.2337/dc19-S009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Packer M. Heart Failure: The Most Important, Preventable, and Treatable Cardiovascular Complication of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(1):11-3. doi:10.2337/dci17-0052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Packer M. Heart Failure: The Most Important,  Preventable, and Treatable  Cardiovascular Complication  of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes  Care.  2018;41(1):11-3. doi:10.2337/dci17-0052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponikowski P., Voors A., Anker S., и др. Рекомендации ESC по диагностике и лечению острой и хронической сердечной недостаточности 2016. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2017;(1):7-81. doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2017-1-7-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponikowski P, Voors A, Anker S, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2017;(1):7-81. (In Russ.) doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2017-1-7-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strauss MH, Hall AS. The Divergent Cardiovascular Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers in Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(2):124-9. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.09.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strauss MH, Hall AS. The Divergent  Cardiovascular Effects  of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers in Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes  Mellitus. Can  J  Diabetes. 2018;42(2):124-9. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.09.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lam PH, Dooley DJ, Fonarow GC, et al. Similar clinical benefits from below-target and target dose enalapril in patients with heart failure in the SOLVD Treatment trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(2):359-69. doi:10.1002/ejhf.937.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lam PH, Dooley DJ, Fonarow GC, et al. Similar clinical benefits  from below-target and target dose enalapril in patients with heart failure in the SOLVD Treatment trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2018;20(2):359-69. doi:10.1002/ejhf.937.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(5):773-85. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng  J,  Zhang  W, Zhang  X, et  al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme  inhibitors and  angiotensin II receptor blockers  on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events  in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(5):773-85. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.348.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJ, Packer M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(11):993-1004. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1409077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray JJ, Packer  M, Desai AS, et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin  inhibition versus enalapril in heart  failure. N Engl J  Med.  2014;371(11):993-1004. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1409077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, et al. Risk Related to Pre-Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Mellitus in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Insights From Prospective Comparison of ARNI With ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure Trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(1). doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002560.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kristensen   SL,  Preiss   D,  Jhund   PS,  et  al.  Risk  Related   to  Pre-Diabetes  Mellitus and   Diabetes   Mellitus  in  Heart   Failure  With  Reduced  Ejection  Fraction:   Insights From  Prospective  Comparison   of  ARNI With ACEI  to  Determine   Impact  on  Global Mortality and  Morbidity in Heart  Failure Trial. Circ Heart  Fail. 2016;9(1).  doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002560.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seferovic JP, Claggett B, Seidelmann SB, et al. Effect of sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril on glycaemic control in patients with heart failure and diabetes: a post-hoc analysis from the PARADIGM-HF trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(5):333-40. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30087-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seferovic  JP,  Claggett  B, Seidelmann SB,  et  al.  Effect  of sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril  on  glycaemic  control  in patients with heart  failure and  diabetes: a  post-hoc analysis  from  the  PARADIGM-HF  trial. Lancet  Diabetes  Endocrinol.  2017;5(5):333-40. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30087-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med. 1987;316(23):1429-35. doi:10.1056/NEJM198706043162301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CONSENSUS   Trial  Study   Group.   Effects   of   enalapril   on   mortality   in   severe congestive  heart   failure.  Results   of  the  Cooperative   North  Scandinavian   Enalapril Survival Study  (CONSENSUS).  N  Engl  J  Med.  1987;316(23):1429-35.  doi:10.1056/NEJM198706043162301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of Captopril on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction — Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669-77. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209033271001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of Captopril on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients  with Left Ventricular Dysfunction after Myocardial Infarction — Results  of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:669-77. doi:10.1056/NEJM199209033271001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moyé LA, Pfeffer MA, Wun CC, et al. Uniformity of captopril benefit in the SAVE Study: subgroup analysis. Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Study. Eur Heart J. 1994;15 Suppl B:2-8; discussion 26-30. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/15.suppl_b.2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moyé LA, Pfeffer MA, Wun CC, et al. Uniformity of captopril  benefit  in the SAVE Study: subgroup analysis.  Survival and  Ventricular  Enlargement Study.  Eur Heart J.  1994;15 Suppl B:2-8; discussion 26-30. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/15.suppl_b.2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shindler DM, Kostis JB, Yusuf S, et al. Diabetes mellitus, a predictor of morbidity and mortality in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trials and Registry. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(11):1017-20. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89163-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shindler  DM, Kostis JB, Yusuf S, et al. Diabetes  mellitus, a predictor  of morbidity and mortality in the Studies  of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Trials and Registry. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77(11):1017-20. doi:10.1016/S0002-9149(97)89163-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rydén L, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose lisinopril in chronic heart failure patients at high cardiovascular risk, including those with diabetes mellitus. Results from the ATLAS trial. Eur Heart J. 2000;21(23):1967-78. doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rydén L, Armstrong PW, Cleland JG, et al. Efficacy and safety  of high-dose lisinopril in chronic  heart  failure patients at high cardiovascular risk, including those  with diabetes mellitus.  Results  from the  ATLAS  trial. Eur Heart J.  2000;21(23):1967-78. doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1667-75. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010713.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohn  JN,  Tognoni G. A  randomized trial of the  angiotensin-receptor blocker  valsartan in chronic  heart  failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1667-75. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010713.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):767-71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray JJ,  Ostergren J,  Swedberg K, et al. Effects  of candesartan in patients with chronic  heart  failure and  reduced left-ventricular  systolic  function  taking  angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the  CHARM-Added trial. Lancet.  2003;362(9386):767-71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14283-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstam MA, Neaton JD, Dickstein K, et al. Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9704):1840-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61913-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstam MA, Neaton JD, Dickstein K, et al. Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart  failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9704):1840-8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61913-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol  CR/XL in chronic  heart  failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention  Trial in Congestive  Heart  Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)04440-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erdmann E, Lechat P, Verkenne P, Wiemann H. Results from post-hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3(4):469-79. doi:10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00174-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erdmann  E, Lechat  P, Verkenne P, Wiemann H. Results  from post-hoc analyses of the CIBIS II trial: effect of bisoprolol in high-risk patient groups with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2001;3(4):469-79. doi:10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00174-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, et al. Effect of Carvedilol on the Morbidity of Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure. Results of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Circulation. 2002;106:2194-9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Packer  M, Fowler MB, Roecker  EB, et al. Effect of Carvedilol on the Morbidity of Patients With Severe  Chronic  Heart  Failure. Results  of the  Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Circulation. 2002;106:2194-9. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005;26(3):215-25. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flather  MD, Shibata  MC, Coats  AJ, et  al. Randomized  trial to determine the  effect  of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission  in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J. 2005;26(3):215-25. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit100"><label>100</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-17. doi:10.1056/NEJM199909023411001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients   with Severe   Heart  Failure.  N Engl J  Med.  1999;341:709-17.  doi:10.1056/NEJM199909023411001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit101"><label>101</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(1):11-21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009492.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zannad  F, McMurray JJ,  Krum H, et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart  failure and  mild symptoms. N Engl J  Med.  2011;364(1):11-21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1009492.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit102"><label>102</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Treatment of Diabetes in People With Heart Failure. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42 Suppl 1:S196-S200. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diabetes  Canada  Clinical Practice  Guidelines Expert Committee. Treatment  of Diabetes in People  With Heart Failure. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42  Suppl 1:S196-S200. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit103"><label>103</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Torp-Pedersen C, Metra M, Charlesworth A, et al. Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on pre-existing and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: data from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart. 2007;93:968-73. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.092379</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Torp-Pedersen C, Metra M, Charlesworth  A, et al. Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on pre-existing  and new onset  diabetes in patients with chronic heart  failure: data  from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart.  2007;93:968-73. doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.092379</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit104"><label>104</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merrill J, Dungan KM. Beta-Blocker Usage and Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes. 2018;67(Supplement 1). doi:10.2337/db18-382-P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merrill J, Dungan KM. Beta-Blocker Usage and Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes  Mellitus. Diabetes. 2018;67(Supplement 1). doi:10.2337/db18-382-P.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit105"><label>105</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V. Long-Standing Problem of β-Blocker-Elicited Hypoglycemia in Diabetes Mellitus. Hypertension. 2017;70(1):42-3. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casiglia      E,     Tikhonoff V.      Long-Standing     Problem      of     β-Blocker-Elicited Hypoglycemia in Diabetes  Mellitus. Hypertension. 2017;70(1):42-3. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit106"><label>106</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJV, DeMets DL, Inzucchi SE, et al. A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(5):665-75. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray JJV, DeMets DL, Inzucchi SE, et al. A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart  failure and  reduced left ventricular  ejection  fraction  (DAPA-HF). Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(5):665-75. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit107"><label>107</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJV, DeMets DL, Inzucchi SE, et al. The Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse-outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) trial: baseline characteristics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019 Jul 15. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1548. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray  JJV,  DeMets  DL, Inzucchi  SE,  et  al.  The  Dapagliflozin  And Prevention  of Adverse-outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) trial: baseline  characteristics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019 Jul 15. doi:10.1002/ejhf.1548. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit108"><label>108</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMurray JJV. DAPA HF — The Dapagliflozin And Prevention Of Adverse-outcomes In Heart Failure Trial: ESC Congress 2019. https://esc365.escardio.org/Congress/ESC-CONGRESS-2019/Hot-Line-Session-1/204417-dapa-hf-the-dapagliflozin-and-prevention-of-adverse-outcomes-in-heart-failure-trial#slide (11 September 2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMurray  JJV.  DAPA  HF — The  Dapagliflozin  And Prevention  Of Adverse-outcomes In  Heart  Failure  Trial: ESC  Congress  2019.   https://esc365.escardio.org/Congress/ESC-CONGRESS-2019/Hot-Line-Session-1/204417-dapa-hf-the-dapagliflozin-and-prevention-of-adverse-outcomes-in-heart-failure-trial#slide (11 September 2019)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit109"><label>109</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swedberg K, Komajda M, Böhm M, et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swedberg K, Komajda  M, Böhm  M, et  al. Ivabradine  and  outcomes in chronic  heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9744):875-85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61198-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit110"><label>110</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosmas CE, Silverio D, Sourlas A, et al. Role of spironolactone in the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(23):461. doi:10.21037/atm.2018.11.16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosmas CE, Silverio D, Sourlas  A, et al. Role of spironolactone in the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection  fraction.  Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(23):461. doi:10.21037/atm.2018.11.16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit111"><label>111</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):777-81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14285-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):777-81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14285-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit112"><label>112</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, et al. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2338-45. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ ehl250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleland JG, Tendera  M, Adamus J, et al. The perindopril  in elderly people  with chronic heart   failure  (PEP-CHF)  study.  Eur  Heart J.  2006;27:2338-45.  doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ ehl250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit113"><label>113</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massie BM, Carson PE, McMurray JJ, et al. Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2456-67. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805450.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massie  BM, Carson  PE, McMurray  JJ,  et  al.  Irbesartan in patients with heart  failure and preserved ejection  fraction. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2456-67. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805450.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit114"><label>114</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Veldhuisen DJ, Cohen-Solal A, Bohm M, et al. Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: data from SENIORS (Study of Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalization in Seniors With Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2150-8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van  Veldhuisen  DJ,  Cohen-Solal   A, Bohm  M, et  al.  Beta-blockade  with nebivolol  in elderly  heart   failure  patients  with impaired  and  preserved  left  ventricular  ejection fraction:  data  from SENIORS (Study  of Effects  of Nebivolol Intervention  on Outcomes and Rehospitalization  in Seniors  With Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2150-8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit115"><label>115</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF, et al. Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1383-92. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1313731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pitt B, Pfeffer  MA, Assmann  SF, et  al. Spironolactone for heart  failure with preserved ejection  fraction.  N Engl J  Med.  2014;370(15):1383-92. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1313731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit116"><label>116</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al. Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019 Sep 1. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908655. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solomon  SD, McMurray JJV, Anand IS, et al. Angiotensin–Neprilysin  Inhibition in Heart Failure  with Preserved  Ejection  Fraction.  N  Engl  J  Med.  2019  Sep  1.  doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1908655. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
