russjcardiol

Российский кардиологический журнал

Russian Journal of Cardiology

1560-40712618-7620

«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC

10.15829/1560-4071-2014-7-7-79

russjcardiol-116

Research Article

КЛИНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ

CLINICAL GUIDELINES

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ЛЕЧЕНИЮ СТАБИЛЬНОЙ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ СЕРДЦА. ESC 2013

2013 ESC GUIDELINES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF STABLE CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Montalescot

Gilles

Montalescot

Gilles

Bureau 2–236,47–83, Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 4216 30 06, Fax: +33 1 4216 29 31

Professor, Bureau 2–236,47–83, Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France. Tel: +33 1 4216 30 06, Fax: +33 1 4216 29 31

gilles.montalescot@psl.aphp.fr

Sechtem

Udo

Sechtem

Udo

Professor Udo Sechtem, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Robert Bosch Krankenhaus, Auerbachstr. 110, DE-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.Tel: +49 711 8101 3456, Fax: +497118101 3795

Professor, Abteilung für Kardiologie, Robert Bosch Krankenhaus, Auerbachstr. 110, DE-70376 Stuttgart, Germany.Tel: +49 711 8101 3456, Fax: +497118101 3795

udo.sechtem@rbk.de

Achenbach

Stephan

Achenbach

Stephan

Andreotti

Felicita

Andreotti

Felicita

Arden

Chris

Arden

Chris

Budaj

Andrzej

Budaj

Andrzej

Bugiardini

Raffaele

Bugiardini

Raffaele

Crea

Filippo

Crea

Filippo

Cuisset

Thomas

Cuisset

Thomas

Di Mario

Carlo

Di Mario

Carlo

Ferreira

J. Rafael

Ferreira

J. Rafael

J. Gersh

Bernard

J. Gersh

Bernard

K. Gitt

Anselm

K. Gitt

Anselm

Hulot

Jean-Sebastien

Hulot

Jean-Sebastien

Marx

Nikolaus

Marx

Nikolaus

H. Opie

Lionel

H. Opie

Lionel

Pfisterer

Matthias

Pfisterer

Matthias

Prescott

Eva

Prescott

Eva

Ruschitzka

Frank

Ruschitzka

Frank

Sabaté

Manel

Sabaté

Manel

Senior

Roxy

Senior

Roxy

Taggart

David Paul

Taggart

David Paul

E. van der Wall

Ernst

E. van der Wall

Ernst

J. M. Vrints

Christiaan

J. M. Vrints

Christiaan

Institut de Cardiologie, Pitie-Salpetriere University HospitalФранцияInstitut de Cardiologie, Pitie-Salpetriere University HospitalFrance

2014

28072014

07779

Copyright © Montalescot G., Sechtem U., Achenbach S., Andreotti F., Arden C., Budaj A., Bugiardini R., Crea F., Cuisset T., Di Mario C., Ferreira J., J. Gersh B., K. Gitt A., Hulot J., Marx N., H. Opie L., Pfisterer M., Prescott E., Ruschitzka F., Sabaté M., Senior R., Taggart D., E. van der Wall E., J. M. Vrints C., 2014

2014

Montalescot G., Sechtem U., Achenbach S., Andreotti F., Arden C., Budaj A., Bugiardini R., Crea F., Cuisset T., Di Mario C., Ferreira J., J. Gersh B., K. Gitt A., Hulot J., Marx N., H. Opie L., Pfisterer M., Prescott E., Ruschitzka F., Sabaté M., Senior R., Taggart D., E. van der Wall E., J. M. Vrints C.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://russjcardiol.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/116

рекомендациистенокардияишемия миокардастабильная ишемическая болезнь сердцафакторы рискаантиишемические препаратыреваскуляризация миокарда

GuidelinesAngina pectorisMyocardial ischaemiaStable coroartery diseaseRisk factorsanti-ischaemic drugsCoronary revascularization

References1

Hamm CW, Bassand JP, Agewall S, et al. ESCGuidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2011;32:2999-3054.

Greenland P, Alpert JS, Beller GA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56: e50-e103.

Fox K, GarciaMA, Ardissino D, et al. Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1341-81.

Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:2092- 197.

Campeau L. The Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris revisited 30 years later. Can J Cardiol 2002;18:371-9.

Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-Elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50: e1-e157.

Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2551-67.

Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Mehilli J, et al. Prognostic value of sensitive troponin T in patients with stable and unstable angina and undetectable conventional troponin. Am Heart J 2011;161:68-75.

Omland T, de Lemos JA, Sabatine MS, et al. A sensitive cardiac troponin T assay in stable coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med 2009;361:2538-47.

Crea F. Chronic ischaemic heart disease. In. ESC textbook of cardiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Crea F, Pupita G, Galassi AR, et al. Role of adenosine in pathogenesis of anginal pain. Circulation 1990;81:164-72.

Rose GA, Blackburn H. Cardiovascular survey methods. Monogr Ser World Health Organ 1968;56:1-188.

National Institutes of Health NH, Lung, and Blood Institute. Morbidity & Mortality: 2012 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 2012.

Reis SE, Holubkov R, Conrad Smith AJ, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is highly prevalent in women with chest pain in the absence of coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI WISE study. Am Heart J 2001;141:735-41.

Han SH, Bae JH, Holmes DR Jr., et al. Sex differences in atheroma burden and endothelial function in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1359-69.

Hemingway H, McCallum A, Shipley M, et al. Incidence and prognostic implications of stable angina pectoris among women and men. JAMA 2006;295:1404-11.

Ducimetiere P, Ruidavets JB, Montaye M, et al. Five-year incidence of angina pectoris and other forms of coronary heart disease in healthy men aged 50-59 in France and Northern Ireland: the Prospective Epidemiological Study of Myocardial Infarction (PRIME) Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:1057-62.

Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics: 2012 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation 2012;125: e2-e220.

Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, et al. High prevalence of a pathological response to acetylcholine testing in patients with stable angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries. The ACOVA Study (AbnormalCOronaryVAsomotion in patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:655-62.

KittaY, Obata JE, NakamuraT, et al. Persistent impairment of endothelial vasomotor function has a negative impact on outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:323-30.

Gulati M, Cooper-DeHoff RM, McClure C, et al. Adverse cardiovascular outcomes in

women with nonobstructive coronary artery disease: a report from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation Study and the St James Women Take Heart Project. Arch Intern Med 2009;169843-850.

Jespersen L, Hvelplund A, Abildstrom SZ, et al. Stable angina pectoris with no obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with increased risks of major adverse cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J 2012;33:734-44.

Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease.NEng JMed 2007;356:1503-16.

Chung SC, Hlatky MA, Faxon D, et al. The effect of age on clinical outcomes and health status BARI 2D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:810-9.

Frye RL, August P, BrooksMM, et al. A randomized trial of therapies for type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med 2009;360:2503-15.

Henderson RA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, et al. Seven-year outcome in the RITA-2 trial: coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1161-70.

Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:849-57.

Steg PG, Greenlaw N, Tardif JC, et al. Women and men with stable coronary artery disease have similar clinical outcomes: insights from the international prospective CLARIFY registry. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2831-40.

Daly CA, De Stavola B, Sendon JL, et al. Predicting prognosis in stable angina: results from the Euro heart survey of stable angina: prospective observational study. BMJ 2006;332:262-7.

Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Wilson PW, et al. One-year cardiovascular event rates in outpatients with atherothrombosis. JAMA 2007;297:1197-206.

Bayturan O, Kapadia S, Nicholls SJ, et al. Clinical predictors of plaque progression despite very low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2736-42.

Chhatriwalla AK, Nicholls SJ, Wang TH, et al. Lowlevels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1110-5.

Kronmal RA, McClelland RL, Detrano R, et al. Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 2007;115:2722-30.

Nicholls SJ, Hsu A, Wolski K, et al. Intravascular ultrasound-derived measures of coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:2399-407.

Pekkanen J, Linn S, Heiss G, et al. Ten-year mortality from cardiovascular disease in relation to cholesterol level among men with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. N Eng J Med 1990;322:1700-7.

Bayturan O, Tuzcu EM, Uno K, et al. Comparison of rates of progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus versus those with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2010;105:1735-9.

Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, et al. European Guidelines oncardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012): The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) * Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2012;33:1635-701.

Frey P, Waters DD, DeMicco DA, et al. Impact ofsmoking on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease receiving contemporary medical therapy (from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] and the Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering [IDEAL] trials). Am J Cardiol 2011;107:145-50.

Otaki Y Gransar H, Berman DS, et al. Impact of family history of coronary artery disease in young individuals (from the CONFIRM registry). Am J Cardiol 2013;111:1081-6.

Nicholls SJ, Ballantyne CM, Barter PJ, et al. Effect of two intensive statin regimens on progression of coronary disease. N Eng J Med 2011;365:2078-87.

Mock MB, Ringqvist I, Fisher LD, et al. Survival of medically treated patients in the coronary artery surgery study (CASS) registry. Circulation 1982;66:562-8.

Harris PJ, Harrell FE Jr., Lee KL, et al. Survival in medically treated coronary artery disease. Circulation 1979;60:1259-69.

Diaz A, BourassaMG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2005;26:967-74.

Califf RM, Armstrong PW, Carver JR, et al. 27th Bethesda Conference: matching the intensity of risk factor management with the hazard for coronary disease events. Task Force 5. Stratification of patients into high, medium and low risk subgroups for purposes of risk factor management. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1007-19.

Califf RM, Mark DB, Harrell FE Jr., et al. Importance of clinical measures of ischemia in the prognosis of patients with documented coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:20-6.

Ladwig KH, Roll G, Breithardt G, et al. Post-infarction depression and incomplete recovery 6 months after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:20-3.

Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression following myocardial infarction. Impact on 6-month survival. JAMA 1993;270:1819-25.

Amsterdam EA, Kirk JD, Bluemke DA, et al. Testing of low-risk patients presenting to the emergency department with chest pain: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010;122:1756-76.

Lockie TP, Rolandi MC, Guilcher A, et al. Synergistic adaptations to exercise in the systemic and coronary circulations that underlie the warm-up angina phenomenon. Circulation 2012;126:2565-74.

Diamond GA. Aclinically relevant classification of chest discomfort. JAmColl Cardiol 1983;1:574-5.

Lanza GA, Sestito A, Sgueglia GA, et al. Current clinical features, diagnostic assessment and prognostic determinants of patients with variant angina. Int J Cardiol 2007;118:41-7.

Lanza GA, Crea F. Primary coronary microvascular dysfunction: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management. Circulation 2010;121:2317-25.

Campeau L. Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation 1976;54:522-3.

Boesner S, Haasenritter J, Becker A, et al. Ruling out coronary artery disease in primary care: development and validation of a simple prediction rule. CMAJ 2010;182:1295-300.

Boesner S, Becker A, Abu Hani M, et al. Accuracy of symptoms and signs for coronary heart disease assessed in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2010;60: e246-e57.

Madjid M, Fatemi O. Components of the complete blood count as risk predictors for coronary heart disease: in-depth review and update. Tex Heart Inst J 2013;40:17-29.

Ryden L. ESC Guideline diabetes 2013. Eur Heart J 2013.

Bartnik M, Ryden L, Malmberg K, et al. Oral glucose tolerance test is needed for appropriate classification of glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Diabetes and the Heart. Heart 2007;93:72-7.

Lenzen M, Ryden L, Ohrvik J, et al. Diabetes known or newly detected, but not impaired glucose regulation, has a negative influence on 1-year outcome in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2969-74.

Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Eng J Med 2010;362:800-11.

Gerstein HC, Islam S, Anand S, et al. Dysglycaemia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in multiple ethnic groups: an analysis of 15,780 patients from the INTERHEART study. Diabetologia 2010;53:2509-17.

Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J 2011;32:1769-818.

Sedlis SP, Jurkovitz CT, Hartigan PM, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with stable coronary artery disease and chronic kidney disease. Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1647-53.

Reddan DN, Szczech LA, Tuttle RH, et al. Chronic kidney disease, mortality, and treatment strategies among patients with clinically significant coronary artery disease. JAmSoc Nephrol 2003;14:2373-80.

Di Angelantonio E, Chowdhury R, Sarwar N, et al. Chronic kidney disease and risk of major cardiovascular disease and non-vascular mortality: prospective population based cohort study. BMJ 2010;341: c4986.

CockcroftDW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16:31-41.

Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, et al. Amoreaccurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: anewprediction equation. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461-70.

Inker LA, Schmid CH, Tighiouart H, et al. Estimating glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine and cystatin C. N Eng J Med 2012;367:20-9.

Hemingway H, Philipson P, Chen R, et al. Evaluating the quality of research into a single prognostic biomarker: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 83 studies of C-reactive protein in stable coronary artery disease. PLoS Med 2010;7: e1000286.

Sabatine MS, MorrowDA, de Lemos JA, et al. Evaluation of multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular stress for risk prediction and guiding medical therapy in patients with stable coronary disease. Circulation 2012;125:233-40.

Sutaria S, Philipson P, Fitzpatrick NK, et al. Translational phases of evidence in a prognostic biomarker: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis of natriuretic peptides and the prognosis of stable coronary disease. Heart 2012;98:615-22.

Humphries SE, Drenos F, Ken-Dror G, Talmud PJ. Coronary heart disease risk prediction in the era of genome-wide association studies: current status and what the future holds. Circulation 2010;121:2235-48.

Reichlin T, Hochholzer W, Bassetti S, et al. Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction with sensitive cardiac troponin assays. N Eng J Med 2009;361:858-67.

Keller T, Zeller T, Peetz D, et al. Sensitive troponin I assay in early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 2009;361:868-77.

da Silveira AD, Ribeiro RA, Rossini AP, et al. Association of anemia with clinical outcomes in stable coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis 2008;19:21-6.

Schwarz PE, Li J, Lindstrom J, Tuomilehto J. Tools for predicting the risk of type 2 diabetes in daily practice. Horm Metab Res 2009;41:86-97.

Di Angelantonio E, Danesh J, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V. Renal function and risk of coronary heart disease in general populations: new prospective study and systematic review. PLoS Med 2007;4: e270.

Androulakis A, Aznaouridis KA, Aggeli CJ, et al. Transient ST-segment depression during paroxysms of atrial fibrillation in otherwise normal individuals: relation with underlying coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1909-11.

Daly C, Norrie J, Murdoch DL, et al. The value of routine noninvasive tests to predict clinical outcome in stable angina. Eur Heart J 2003;24:532-40.

Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, et al. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/ SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography. AReport of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Society of

Echocardiography, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society forCardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1126-66.

Korcarz CE, Hirsch AT, Bruce C, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness testing by non- sonographer clinicians: the office practice assessment of carotid atherosclerosis study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:117-22.

Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:93-111.

Plichart M, Celermajer DS, Zureik M, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness in plaque-free site, carotid plaques and coronary heart disease risk prediction in older adults. The Three- City Study. Atherosclerosis 2011;219:917-24.

O'Mahony MS, Sim MF, Ho SF, et al. Diastolic heart failure in older people. Age Ageing 2003;32:519-24.

Aroesty JM, McKay RG, Heller GV, et al. Simultaneous assessment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction during pacing-induced ischemia. Circulation 1985;71:889-900.

Shaw LJ, Bugiardini R, Merz CN. Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1561-75.

Hendel RC, Patel MR, Kramer CM, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/ SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Quality Strategic Directions Committee Appropriateness CriteriaWorking Group, American College of Radiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, North American Society for Cardiac Imaging, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Interventional Radiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1475-97.

Cohn PF, Fox KM, Daly C. Silent myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2003;108:1263-77.

McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1787-1847.

Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Eng J Med 1979;300:1350-8.

Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 2003;107:149-58.

Diamond GA, Kaul S. Gone fishing!: on the "real-world" accuracy of computed tomographic coronary angiography: Comment on the "Ontario multidetector computed tomographic coronary angiography study". Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1029-31.

Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE Jr., et al. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:793-800.

Froelicher VF, Lehmann KG, Thomas R, et al. The electrocardiographic exercise test in a population with reduced workup bias: diagnostic performance, computerized interpretation, and multivariable prediction. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study in Health Services #016 (QUEXTA) Study Group. Quantitative Exercise Testing and Angiography. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:965-74.

Morise AP, Diamond GA. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of exercise electrocardiography in biased and unbiased populations of men and women. Am Heart J 1995;130:741-7.

Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MG. Stress echocardiography, stress single- photon-emission computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography for the assessment of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic performance. Am Heart J 2007;154:415-23.

Mc Ardle BA, Dowsley TF, deKemp RA, et al. Does rubidium-82 PET have superior accuracy to SPECT perfusion imaging for the diagnosis of obstructive coronary disease?: A systematic reviewand meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1828-37.

100

de Jong MC, Genders TS, van Geuns RJ, et al. Diagnostic performance of stress myocardial perfusion imaging for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Eur Radiol 2012;22:1881-95.

101

Higgins JP, Williams G, Nagel JS, Higgins JA. Left bundle-branch block artifact on single photon emission computed tomography with technetium Tc 99m (Tc-99m) agents: mechanisms and a method to decrease false-positive interpretations. Am Heart J 2006;152:619-26.

102

Nandalur KR, Dwamena BA, Choudhri AF, et al. Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1343-53.

103

Hamon M, Fau G, Nee G, et al. Meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance for detection of coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2010;12:29.

104

Schwitter J, Wacker CM, Wilke N, et al. MR-IMPACTII: Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Myocardial Perfusion Assessment in Coronary artery disease Trial: perfusion-cardiac magnetic resonance vs. single-photon emission computed tomography for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparative multicentre, multivendor trial. Eur Heart J 2012; 34 (10):775-81.

105

Budoff MJ, Dowe D, Jollis JG, et al. Diagnostic performance of 64-multidetector row coronary computed tomographic angiography for evaluation of coronary artery stenosis in individuals without known coronary artery disease: results from the prospective multicenter ACCURACY (Assessment by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography of Individuals Undergoing Invasive Coronary Angiography) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1724-32.

106

Miller JM, Rochitte CE, Dewey M, et al. Diagnostic performance of coronary angiography by 64-row CT. N Eng J Med 2008;359:2324-36.

107

Meijboom WB, Meijs MF, Schuijf JD, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography: a prospective, multicenter, multivendor study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:2135-44.

108

Jaarsma C, Leiner T, Bekkers SC, et al. Diagnostic performance of noninvasive myocardial perfusion imaging using single-photon emission computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography imaging for the detection of obstructive coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1719-28.

109

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2010) Chest pain of recent onset. (Clinical guideline 95.). http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG95., http://www.nice.org.uk/ guidance/CG95 (7 August 2013).

110

Genders TS, Steyerberg EW, Alkadhi H, et al. A clinical prediction rule for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: validation, updating, and extension. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1316- 30.

111

Miller TD, Roger VL, HodgeDO, Gibbons RJ. Asimple clinical score accurately predicts outcome in a community-based population undergoing stress testing. Am J Med 2005;118:866-72.

112

Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Eng J Med 2009;360:213-24.

113

Abbara S, Arbab-Zadeh A, Callister TQ, et al. SCCT guidelines for performance of coronary computed tomographic angiography: a report of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Guidelines Committee. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2009;3:190-204.

114

Genders TS, Meijboom WB, Meijs MF, et al. CT coronary angiography in patients suspected of having coronary artery disease: decision making from various perspectives in the face of uncertainty. Radiology 2009;253:734-44.

115

Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Carle F, et al. Exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia detected by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1304-13.

116

Pradhan R, Chaudhary A, Donato AA. Predictive accuracy of ST depression during rapid atrial fibrillation on the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Am J Emerg Med 2012;30:1042-47.

117

Shaw LJ, Mieres JH, Hendel RH, et al. Comparative effectiveness of exercise electrocardiography with or without myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease: results from the What Is the Optimal Method for Ischemia Evaluation in Women (WOMEN) trial. Circulation 2011;124:1239-49.

118

Gianrossi R, Detrano R, Mulvihill D, et al. Exercise-induced ST depression in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis. Circulation 1989;80:87-98.

119

Fleischmann KE, Hunink MG, Kuntz KM, Douglas PS. Exercise echocardiography or exercise SPECT imaging? A meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance. JAMA 1998;280:913-20.

120

Chelliah R, Anantharam B, Burden L, et al. Independent and incremental value of stress echocardiography over clinical and stress electrocardiographic parameters for the prediction of hard cardiac events in new-onset suspected angina with no history of coronary artery disease. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11:875-882.

121

Marwick TH, Shaw L, Case C, et al. Clinical and economic impact of exercise electrocardiography and exercise echocardiography in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1153-63.

122

Mattera JA, Arain SA, Sinusas AJ, et al. Exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with normal baseline electrocardiograms: cost savings with a stepwise diagnostic strategy. J Nucl Cardiol 1998;5:498-506.

123

Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, et al. Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur J Echocardiogr 2008;9:415-37.

124

Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:194-212.

125

Senior R, Moreo A, Gaibazzi N, et al. Comparison of Sulfur Hexafluoride Microbubble (SonoVue) -Enhanced Myocardial Echocardiography to gated Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography for the Detection of Significant Coronary Artery Disease: A Large European Multicentre Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; pii: S0735-1097 (13) 02262-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.082. [Epub ahead of print]

126

Plana JC, Mikati IA, Dokainish H, et al. A randomized cross-over study for evaluation of the effect of image optimization with contrast on the diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine

127

echocardiography in coronary artery disease The OPTIMIZE Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:145-52.

128

Voigt JU, Exner B, Schmiedehausen K, et al. Strain-rate imaging during dobutamine stress echocardiography provides objective evidence of inducible ischemia. Circulation 2003;107:2120-6.

129

Imbert L, Poussier S, Franken PR, et al. Compared performance of high-sensitivity cameras dedicated to myocardial perfusion SPECT: a comprehensive analysis of phantom and human images. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1897-903.

130

Ritchie JL, Bateman TM, Bonow RO, et al. Guidelines for clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Radionuclide Imaging), developed in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:521-47.

131

Al JaroudiW, Iskandrian AE. Regadenoson: a new myocardial stress agent. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1123-30.

132

Bateman TM, Heller GV, McGhie AI, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rest/stress ECG-gated Rb-82 myocardial perfusion PET: comparison with ECG-gated Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Nucl Cardiol 2006;13:24-33.

133

Di Carli MF, Hachamovitch R. New technology for noninvasive evaluation of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007;115:1464-80.

134

Kajander S, Joutsiniemi E, Saraste M, et al. Cardiac positron emission tomography/ computed tomography imaging accurately detects anatomically and functionally significant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2010;122:603-13.

135

Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, BockschW, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999;99:763-70.

136

Wahl A, Paetsch I, Gollesch A, et al. Safety and feasibility of high-dose dobutamine- atropine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance for diagnosis of myocardial ischaemia: experience in 1000 consecutive cases. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1230-6.

137

Secknus MA, Marwick TH. Evolution of dobutamine echocardiography protocols and indications: safety and side effects in 3,011 studies over 5 years. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:1234-40.

138

Hundley WG, Hamilton CA, Thomas MS, Herrington DM, et al. Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999;100:1697-702.

139

Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Younger JF, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet 2012;379:453-60.

140

Heydari B, Jerosch-Herold M, Kwong RY Assessment of myocardial ischemia with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2011;54:191-203.

141

Lockie T, Ishida M, Perera D, et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging at 3.0-Tesla to detect hemodynamically significant coronary stenosis as determined by fractional flow reserve. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:70-5.

142

Cheng AS, Pegg TJ, Karamitsos TD, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance perfusion imaging at 3-tesla for the detection of coronary artery disease: a comparison with 1.5- tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:2440-9.

143

Bernhardt P, Walcher T, Rottbauer W, Wohrle J. Quantification of myocardial perfusion reserve at 1.5 and 3.0 Tesla: a comparison to fractional flow reserve. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;28:2049-56.

144

Gaemperli O, Bengel FM, Kaufmann PA. Cardiac hybrid imaging. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2100-8.

145

Pazhenkottil AP, Nkoulou RN, Ghadri JR, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac hybrid imaging integrating single-photon emission computed tomography with coronary computed tomography angiography. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1465-71.

146

Sabharwal NK, Stoykova B, Taneja AK, Lahiri A. A randomized trial of exercise treadmill ECG versus stress SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging as an initial diagnostic strategy in stable patients with chest pain and suspected CAD: cost analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14:174-86.

147

Underwood SR, Anagnostopoulos C, Cerqueira M, et al. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: the evidence. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:261-91.

148

Garber AM, Solomon NA. Cost-effectiveness of alternative test strategies for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:719-28.

149

Yao SS, Qureshi E, Sherrid MV, Chaudhry FA. Practical applications in stress echocardiography: risk stratification and prognosis in patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42:1084-90.

150

Berman DS, Hachamovitch R, Kiat H, et al. Incremental value of prognostic testing in patients with known or suspected ischemic heart disease: a basis for optimal utilization of exercise technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:639-47.

151

Doesch C, Seeger A, Doering J, et al. Risk stratification by adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with coronary artery stenoses of intermediate angiographic severity. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:424-33.

152

Yao SS, Bangalore S, Chaudhry FA. Prognostic implications of stress echocardiography and impact on patient outcomes: an effective gatekeeper for coronary angiography and revascularization. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:832-9.

153

Halliburton S, Arbab-Zadeh A, Dey D, et al. State-of-the-art in CT hardware and scan modes for cardiovascular CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2012;6:154-63.

154

Hausleiter J, Martinoff S, Hadamitzky M, et al. Image quality and radiation exposure with a low tube voltage protocol for coronary CT angiography results of the PROTECTION II Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:1113-23.

155

Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:827-32.

156

O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, et al. American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Expert Consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000;102:126-40.

157

Marwan M, Ropers D, Pflederer T, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with obstructive coronary lesions in the absence of coronary calcification: an evaluation by coronary CT angiography. Heart 2009;95:1056-60.

158

Brodoefel H, Burgstahler C, Tsiflikas I, et al. Dual-source CT: effect of heart rate, heart rate variability, and calcification on image quality and diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 2008;247:346-55.

159

Chen CC, Chen CC, Hsieh IC, et al. The effect of calcium score on the diagnostic accuracy of coronary computed tomography angiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;27 Suppl 1:37-42.

160

van Werkhoven JM, de Boer SM, Schuijf JD, et al. Impact of clinical presentation and pretest likelihood on the relation between calcium score and computed tomographic coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:1675-9.

161

MeijsMF, Meijboom WB, Prokop M, et al. Is there a role forCTcoronary angiography in patients with symptomatic angina? Effect of coronary calcium score on identification of stenosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;25:847-54.

162

Vavere AL, Arbab-Zadeh A, Rochitte CE et al. Coronary artery stenoses: accuracy of 64-detector row CT angiography in segments with mild, moderate, or severe calcification: a subanalysis of the CORE-64trial. Radiology 2011;261:100-8.

163

Alkadhi H, Scheffel H, Desbiolles L, et al. Dualsource computed tomography coronary angiography: influence of obesity, calcium load, and heart rate on diagnostic accuracy. Eur Heart J 2008;29:766-76.

164

Westwood ME, Raatz HD, Misso K, et al. Systematic Review of the Accuracy of Dual- Source Cardiac CT for Detection of Arterial Stenosis in Difficult to Image Patient Groups. Radiology 2013; 267 (2):387-95.

165

Paech DC, Weston AR. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of 64-slice or higher computed tomography angiography as an alternative to invasive coronary angiography in the investigation of suspected coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2011;11:32.

166

Ropers D, Pohle FK, Kuettner A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive coronary angiography in patients after bypass surgery using 64-slice spiral computed tomography with 330-ms gantry rotation. Circulation 2006;114:2334-41.

167

Weustink AC, Nieman K, Pugliese F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography angiography in patients after bypass grafting: comparison with invasive coronary angiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:816-24.

168

Min JK, Dunning A, Lin FY et al. Age- and sex-related differences in all-cause mortality risk based on coronary computed tomography angiography findings results from the International Multicenter CONFIRM (CoronaryCTAngiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter Registry) of 23,854 patients without known coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:849-60.

169

Hadamitzky M, Freissmuth B, Meyer T, et al. Prognostic value of coronary computed tomographic angiography for prediction of cardiac events in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:404-11.

170

Chow BJ, Small G, Yam Y et al. Incremental prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography in coronary artery disease using CONFIRM: COroNary computed tomography angiography evaluation for clinical outcomes: an InteRnational Multicenter registry. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:463-72.

171

Meijboom WB, van Mieghem CA, Mollet NR, et al. 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with high, intermediate, or low pretest probability of significant coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1469-75.

172

Min JK, Leipsic J, Pencina MJ, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fractional flow reserve from anatomic CT angiography. JAMA 2012;308:1237-45.

173

Kato S, Kitagawa K, Ishida N, et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease using magnetic resonance coronary angiography: a national multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:983-91.

174

Sakuma H. Coronary CT versusMR angiography: the role ofMR angiography. Radiology 2011;258:340-9.

175

Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2501-55.

176

Jolly SS, Amlani S, Hamon M, et al. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography or intervention and the impact on major bleeding and ischemic events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am Heart J 2009;157:132-40.

177

Arora N, Matheny ME, Sepke C, Resnic FS. A propensity analysis of the risk of vascular complications after cardiac catheterization procedures with the use of vascular closure devices. Am Heart J 2007;153:606-11.

178

Noto TJ Jr., Johnson LW, Krone R, et al. Cardiac catheterization 1990: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCA&I). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1991;24:75-83.

179

Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet 2000;355:253-9.

180

Effect of nicorandil on coronary events in patients with stable angina: the Impact Of Nicorandil in Angina (IONA) randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1269-75.

181

Hjemdahl P, Eriksson SV, Held C, et al. Favourable long term prognosis in stable angina pectoris: an extended follow up of the angina prognosis study in Stockholm (APSIS). Heart 2006;92:177-82.

182

Wilson PW, D'Agostino R Sr., Bhatt DL, et al. An international model to predict recurrent cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2012;125:695-703.

183

Weiner DA, Ryan TJ, McCabe CH, et al. Prognostic importance of a clinical profile and exercise test in medically treated patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;3:772-9.

184

Hammermeister KE, DeRouen TA, Dodge HT. Variables predictive of survival in patients with coronary disease. Selection by univariate and multivariate analyses from the clinical, electrocardiographic, exercise, arteriographic, and quantitative angiographic evaluations. Circulation 1979;59:421-30.

185

Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, et al. Value of the history and physical in identifying patients at increased risk for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:81-90.

186

Emond M, Mock MB, Davis KB, et al. Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Circulation 1994;90:2645-57.

187

Mahmarian JJ, Dakik HA, Filipchuk NG, et al. An initial strategy of intensive medical therapy is comparable to that of coronary revascularization for suppression of scintigraphic ischemia in high-risk but stable survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2458-67.

188

Hachamovitch R, Rozanski A, Shaw LJ, et al. Impact of ischaemia and scar on the therapeutic benefit derived from myocardial revascularization vs. medical therapy among patients undergoing stress-rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1012-24.

189

Rihal CS, Davis KB, Kennedy JW, Gersh BJ. The utility of clinical, electrocardiographic, and roentgenographic variables in the prediction of left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:220-23.

190

Raymond I, Pedersen F, Steensgaard-Hansen F, et al. Prevalence of impaired left ventricular systolic function and heart failure in a middle aged and elderly urban population segment of Copenhagen. Heart 2003;89:1422-49.

191

Ashley EA, Myers J, Froelicher V. Exercise testing in clinical medicine. Lancet 2000;356:1592-7.

192

Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr., et al. Prognostic value of a treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med 1991;325:849-53.

193

Schinkel AF, Bax JJ, Geleijnse ML, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of ischaemic heart disease: myocardial perfusion imaging or stress echocardiography? Eur Heart J 2003;24:789-800.

194

Marwick TH, Mehta R, Arheart K, Lauer MS. Use of exercise echocardiography for prognostic evaluation of patients with knownor suspected coronaryartery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:83-90.

195

Olmos LI, Dakik H, Gordon R, et al. Long-term prognostic value of exercise echocardiography compared with exercise 201Tl, ECG, and clinical variables in patients evaluated for coronary artery disease. Circulation 1998;98:2679-86.

196

Marwick TH, Case C, Vasey C, et al. Prediction of mortality by exercise echocardiography: a strategy for combination with the duke treadmill score. Circulation 2001;103:2566-71.

197

Lin FY Dunning AM, Narula J, et al. Impact of an Automated Multimodality Point-of-Order Decision Support Tool on Rates of AppropriateTesting and Clinical Decision Making for Individuals With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease: A Prospective Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62 (4):308-16

198

Brown KA. Prognostic value of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging. A diagnostic tool comes of age. Circulation 1991;83:363-81.

199

Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Shaw LJ, et al. Incremental prognostic value of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the prediction of cardiac death: differential stratification for risk of cardiac death and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:535-43.

200

Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, et al. Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. Circulation 2003;107:2900-7.

201

Dorbala S, Di Carli MF, Beanlands RS, et al. Prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion positron emission tomography: results from a multicenter observational registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:176-84.

202

Murthy VL, Naya M, Foster CR, et al. Association between coronary vascular dysfunction and cardiac mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2012;126:1858-68.

203

Korosoglou G, Elhmidi Y Steen H, et al. Prognostic value of high-dose dobutamine stress magnetic resonance imaging in 1,493 consecutive patients: assessment of myocardial wall motion and perfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1225-34.

204

Jahnke C, Nagel E, Gebker R, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac magnetic resonance stress tests: adenosine stress perfusion and dobutamine stress wall motion imaging. Circulation 2007;115:1769-76.

205

Motoyama S, Sarai M, Harigaya H, et al. Computed tomographic angiography characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques subsequently resulting in acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:49-57.

206

Ostrom MP, Gopal A, Ahmadi N, et al. Mortality incidence and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis assessed by computed tomography angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1335-43.

207

Hulten EA, Carbonaro S, Petrillo SP, et al. Prognostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:1237-47.

208

Mark DB, Nelson CL, Califf RM, et al. Continuing evolution of therapy for coronary artery disease. Initial results from the era of coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1994;89:2015-25.

209

Christian TF, Miller TD, Bailey KR, Gibbons RJ. Exercise tomographic thallium-201 imaging in patients with severe coronary artery disease and normal electrocardiograms. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:825-32.

210

Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, et al. Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms: an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness. Circulation 2002;105:823-9.

211

Daugherty SL, Magid DJ, Kikla JR, et al. Gender differences in the prognostic value of exercise treadmill test characteristics. Am Heart J 2011;161:908-14.

212

Coelho-FilhoOR, Seabra LF, Mongeon FP, et al. Stress myocardial perfusion imaging by CMR provides strong prognostic value to cardiac events regardless of patient's sex. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:850-61.

213

Metz LD, Beattie M, Hom R, et al. The prognostic value of normal exercise myocardial perfusion imaging and exercise echocardiography: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:227-37.

214

Nallamothu N, Ghods M, Heo J, Iskandrian AS. Comparison of thallium-201 singlephoton emission computed tomography and electrocardiographic response during exercise in patients with normal rest electrocardiographic results. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:830-6.

215

Mahajan N, Polavaram L, Vankayala H, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging and stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of left main and triple vessel coronary artery disease: a comparative meta-analysis. Heart 2010;96:956-66.

216

Shaw LJ, Cerqueira MD, Brooks MM, et al. Impact of left ventricular function and the extent of ischemia and scar by stress myocardial perfusion imaging on prognosis and therapeutic risk reduction in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: results from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. J Nucl Cardiol 2012;19:658-69.

217

Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy. Circulation 2008;117:1283-91.

218

Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Heller GV, et al. Noninvasive strategies for the estimation of cardiac risk in stable chest pain patients. The Economics of Noninvasive Diagnosis (END) Study Group. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1-7.

219

America YG, Bax JJ, Boersma E, et al. Prognostic value of gated SPECT in patients with left bundle branch block. J Nucl Cardiol 2007;14:75-81.

220

Tandogan I, Yetkin E, Yanik A, et al. Comparison of thallium-201 exercise SPECT and dobutamine stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with left bundle branch block. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2001;17:339-45.

221

Biagini E, Shaw LJ, Poldermans D, et al. Accuracy of non-invasive techniques for diagnosis of coronary artery disease and prediction of cardiac events in patients with left bundle branch block: a meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:1442-51.

222

Biagini E, Schinkel AF, Elhendy A, et al. Pacemaker stress echocardiography predicts cardiac events in patients with permanent pacemaker. Am J Med 2005;118:1381-6.

223

Picano E, Alaimo A, Chubuchny V, et al. Noninvasive pacemaker stress echocardiography for diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1305-10.

224

Fowkes FG, Murray GD, Butcher I, et al. Ankle brachial index combined with Framingham Risk Score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA

225

;300:197-208.

226

O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Eng J Med 1999;340:14-22.

227

Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, et al. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004;291:210-15.

228

Detrano R, Guerci AD, Carr JJ, et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups.NEng J Med 2008;358:1336-45.

229

Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Ramaswami G, et al. Carotid and femoral ultrasound morphology screening and cardiovascular events in low risk subjects: a 10-year follow-up study (the CAFES-CAVE study (1)). Atherosclerosis 2001;156:379-87.

230

Anand DV, Lim E, Hopkins D, et al. Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Eur Heart J 2006;27:713-21.

231

Elkeles RS, Godsland IF, Feher MD, et al. Coronary calcium measurement improves prediction of cardiovascular events in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: the PREDICT study. Eur Heart J 2008;29:2244-51.

232

Gulati M, Pandey DK, Arnsdorf MF, et al. Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St JamesWomen Take Heart Project. Circulation 2003;108:1554-9.

233

Wei M, Kampert JB, Barlow CE, et al. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 1999;282:1547-53.

234

Zellweger MJ, Hachamovitch R, Kang X, et al. Threshold, incidence, and predictors of rognostically high-risk silent ischemia in asymptomatic patients without prior diagnosis of coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol 2009;16:193-200.

235

Steg G. ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2012.

236

Harb SC, Cook T, Jaber WA, Marwick TH. Exercise testing in asymptomatic patients after revascularization: are outcomes altered? Arch Intern Med 2012;172:854-61.

237

Hachamovitch R, Hayes S, Friedman JD, et al. Determinants of risk and its temporal variation in patients with normal stress myocardial perfusion scans: what is the warranty period of a normal scan? J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1329-40.

238

Carryer DJ, AskewJW, HodgeDO, et al. The timing and impact of follow-up studies after normal stress single-photon emission computed tomography sestamibi studies. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:520-6.

239

Proudfit WL, Shirey EK, Sones FM Jr. Selective cine coronary arteriography. Correlation with clinical findings in 1,000 patients. Circulation 1966;33:901-10.

240

Patel MR, Peterson ED, Dai D, et al. Douglas PS. Low diagnostic yield of elective coronary angiography. N Eng J Med 2010;362:886-95.

241

Holubkov R, Laskey WK, Haviland A, et al. Angina 1 year after percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the NHLBI Dynamic Registry. Am Heart J 2002;144:826-33.

242

Venkitachalam L, Kip KE, Mulukutla SR, et al. Temporal trends in patient-reported angina at 1 year after percutaneous coronary revascularization in the stent era: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored 1997-2006 dynamic registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2009;2:607-15.

243

Camici PG, Crea F. Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Eng J Med 2007;356:830-40.

244

Panza JA, Laurienzo JM, Curiel RV, et al. Investigation of the mechanism of chest pain in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries using transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:293-301.

245

Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Mahrholdt H, et al. Increased coronary vasoconstrictor response to acetylcholine in women with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X). Clin Res Cardiol 2012; 101 (8):673-81

246

Yilmaz A, Hill S, SchaufeleT, et al. Exercise-induced spastic coronary artery occlusion at the site of a moderate stenosis: neither Prinzmetal's angina nor cardiac syndrome X but "Prinzmetal X". Circulation 2010;122: e570-e4.

247

Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, et al. Angina pectoris. I. A variant form of angina pectoris; preliminary report. Am J Med 1959;27:375-88.

248

Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, et al. Clinical and angiographical characteristics of acetylcholine- induced spasm: relationship to dose of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Coron Artery Dis 2002;13:231-6.

249

Matsubara T, Tamura Y Yamazoe M, et al. Correlation between arteriographic and electrocardiographic features during spasm in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Coron Artery Dis 1997;8:525-35.

250

Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (coronary spastic angina) (JCS 2008): digest version. Circ J 2010;74:1745-62.

251

Maseri A, Davies G, Hackett D, Kaski JC. Coronary artery spasm and vasoconstriction. The case for a distinction. Circulation 1990;81:1983-91.

252

Mohri M, Koyanagi M, Egashira K, et al. Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm. Lancet 1998;351:1165-9.

253

Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Takahashi J, et al. Clinical implications of provocation tests for coronary artery spasm: safety, arrhythmic complications, and prognostic impact: multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Eur Heart J 2013;34:258-67.

254

Sueda S, Saeki H, Otani T, et al. Major complications during spasm provocation tests with an intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:391-4, A10.

255

Morales MA, Lombardi M, Distante A, et al. Ergonovine-echo test to assess the significance of chest pain at rest without ECG changes. Eur Heart J 1995;16:1361-6.

256

Buxton A, Goldberg S, Hirshfeld JW, et al. Refractory ergonovine-induced coronary vasospasm: importance of intracoronary nitroglycerin. Am J Cardiol 1980;46:329-34.

257

MeyersDG, Neuberger JS, He J. Cardiovascular effect of bans on smoking in public places: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis. JAmColl Cardiol 2009;54:1249-55.

258

Lam Tea. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, Tobacco Control, Vol. 11: Reversal of Risk After Quitting Smoking. IARC, World Health Organization, 2007, 366.

259

Critchley J, Capewell S. Smoking cessation for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004 (1): CD003041.

260

Hubbard R, Lewis S, Smith C, et al. Use of nicotine replacement therapy and the risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and death. Tob Control 2005;14:416-21.

261

Ludvig J, Miner B, Eisenberg MJ. Smoking cessation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 2005;149:565-72.

262

Rigotti NA, Thorndike AN, Regan S, et al. Bupropion for smokers hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease. Am J Med 2006;119:1080-87.

263

Tonstad S, Farsang C, Klaene G, et al. Bupropion SR for smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease: a multicentre, randomised study. Eur Heart J 2003;24:946-55.

264

Rigotti NA, Pipe AL, Benowitz NL, et al. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. Circulation 2010;121:221-9.

265

Singh S, Loke YK, Spangler JG, Furberg CD. Risk of serious adverse cardiovascular events associated with varenicline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2011;183:1359-66.

266

Filion KB, ElKhoury F, Bielinski M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in high-risk cardiovascular patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2010;10:24.

267

Mozaffarian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: effects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2047-67.

268

Kwak SM, Myung SK, Lee YJ, Seo HG. Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements (Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid) in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: AMeta-analysis of Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo- Controlled Trials. Arch Intern Med 2012;172 (9):686-94.

269

Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvado J, et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet. N Eng J Med 2013;368 (14):1279-90.

270

Gupta BP, Murad MH, Clifton MM, et al. The effect of lifestyle modification and cardiovascular risk factor reduction on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1797-803.

271

Kloner R, Padma-Nathan H. Erectile dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Impot Res 2005;17:209-15.

272

Russell ST, Khandheria BK, Nehra A. Erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:782-94.

273

Kostis JB, Jackson G, Rosen R, et al. Sexual dysfunction and cardiac risk (the Second Princeton Consensus Conference). Am J Cardiol 2005;96:85M-93M.

274

Kohler M, Stradling JR. Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010;7:677-85.

275

Pasceri V, Patti G, Nusca A, et al. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study. Circulation 2004;110:674-8.

276

Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:16-38.

277

Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009;27:2121-58.

278

Mancia GFR, Narkiewicz K, RedonJ, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2013 [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.

279

Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, et al. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010;17:1-17.

280

Heran BS, Chen JM, Ebrahim S, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 20117: CD001800.

281

Lawler PR, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Efficacy of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation post- myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2011;162:571-84 e2.

282

Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Eng J Med 2003;348:1322-32.

283

Ciszewski A, BilinskaZT, Brydak LB, et al. Influenza vaccination in secondary prevention from coronary ischaemic events in coronary artery disease: FLUCAD study. Eur Heart J 2008;29:1350-8.

284

Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Eng J Med 2003;349:523-34.

285

Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA 2007;297:1465-77.

286

Henderson RA, O'Flynn N. Management of stable angina: summary of NICE guidance. Heart 2012;98:500-7.

287

Thadani U, Fung HL, Darke AC, Parker JO. Oral isosorbide dinitrate in angina pectoris: comparison of duration of action an dose-response relation during acute and sustained therapy. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:411-9.

288

Parker JO. Eccentric dosing with isosorbide-5-mononitrate in angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:871-6.

289

Chrysant SG, Glasser SP, Bittar N, et al. Efficacy and safety of extended-release isosorbide mononitrate for stable effort angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:1249-56.

290

Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized clinical trials in heart disease. I. Treatments following myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988;260:2088-93.

291

Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, et al. beta-Blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA 2012;308:1340-9.

292

Wallace WA, Wellington KL, Chess MA, Liang CS. Comparison of nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system and atenolol on antianginal efficacies and exercise hemodynamic responses in stable angina pectoris.AmJ Cardiol 1994;73:23-8.

293

de Vries RJ, van den Heuvel AF, Lok DJ, et al. Nifedipine gastrointestinal therapeutic system versus atenolol in stable angina pectoris. The NetherlandsWorking Group on Cardiovascular Research (WCN). Int J Cardiol 1996;57:143-50.

294

Fox KM, Mulcahy D, Findlay I, Ford I, Dargie HJ. The Total Ischaemic Burden European Trial (TIBET). Effects of atenolol, nifedipine SR and their combination on the exercise test and the total ischaemic burden in 608 patients with stable angina. The TIBET Study Group. Eur Heart J 1996;17:96-103.

295

van de Ven LL, Vermeulen A, Tans JG, et al. Which drug to choose for stable angina pectoris: a comparative study between bisoprolol and nitrates. Int J Cardiol 1995;47:217-23.

296

Kawanishi DT, Reid CL, Morrison EC, Rahimtoola SH. Response of angina and ischemia to long-term treatment in patients with chronic stable angina: a doubleblind randomized individualized dosing trial of nifedipine, propranolol and their combination. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:409-17.

297

Meyer TE, Adnams C, Commerford P. Comparison of the efficacy of atenolol and its combination with slow-release nifedipine in chronic stable angina. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993;7:909-13.

298

Steffensen R, Grande P, Pedersen F, Haunso S. Effects of atenolol and diltiazem on exercise tolerance and ambulatory ischaemia. Int J Cardiol 1993;40:143-53.

299

Parameshwar J, Keegan J, Mulcahy D, et al. Atenolol or nicardipine alone is as efficacious in stable angina as their combination: a double blind randomised trial. Int J Cardiol 1993;40:135-41.

300

Foale RA. Atenolol versus the fixed combination of atenolol and nifedipine in stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1369-74.

301

Rehnqvist N, Hjemdahl P, Billing E, et al. Effects of metoprolol vs verapamil in patients with stable angina pectoris. The Angina Prognosis Study in Stockholm (APSIS). Eur Heart J 1996;17:76-81.

302

Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA 2000;283:1295-302.

303

The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13.

304

Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U. S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Eng J Med 1996;334:1349-55.

305

Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-25.

306

Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a noncalcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-16.

307

Ried LD, Tueth MJ, Handberg E, et al. A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in patients treated with a calcium antagonist versus an atenolol hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST). Psychosom Med 2005;67:398-406.

308

Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: theCAMELOTstudy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217-25.

309

Frishman WH, Glasser S, Stone P, et al. Comparison of controlled-onset, extended-release verapamil with amlodipine and amlodipine plus atenolol on exercise performance and ambulatory ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:507-14.

310

Tardif JC, Ford I, Tendera M, Bourassa MG, Fox K. Efficacy of ivabradine, a new selective I (f) inhibitor, compared with atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2529-36.

311

Tardif JC, Ponikowski P, Kahan T. Efficacy of the I (f) current inhibitor ivabradine in patients with chronic stable angina receiving beta-blocker therapy: a 4-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2009;30:540-8.

312

Ranexa (Ranolazine). http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/ EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/000805/WC500045940.pdf (23 August 2013).

313

Izumiya Y Kojima S, Kojima S, et al. Long-term use of oral nicorandil stabilizes coronary plaque in patients with stable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis 2011;214:415-21.

314

Tuunanen H, Engblom E, Naum A, et al. Trimetazidine, a metabolic modulator, has cardiac and extracardiac benefits in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2008;118:1250-8.

315

Detry JM, Sellier P, Pennaforte S, et al. Trimetazidine: a new concept in the treatment of angina. Comparison with propranolol in patients with stable angina. Trimetazidine European Multicenter Study Group. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37:279-88.

316

El-Kady T, El-Sabban K, Gabaly M, et al. Effects of trimetazidine on myocardial perfusion and the contractile response of chronically dysfunctional myocardium in ischemic cardiomyopathy: a 24-month study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2005;5:271-8.

317

Questions and answers on the review of medicines containing trimetazidine (20 mg tablets, 35 mg modified release tablet and 20 mg/ml oral solution). http://www.ema.europa.eu/ docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Trimetazidine_31/WC500129195. pdf (9 March 2012).

318

Fragasso G, Piatti Md PM, Monti L, et al. Short- and long-term beneficial effects of trimetazidine in patients with diabetes and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 2003;146: e18.

319

Jerling M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ranolazine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2006;45:469-91.

320

Timmis AD, Chaitman BR, Crager M. Effects of ranolazine on exercise tolerance andHbA1c in patients with chronic angina and diabetes. Eur Heart J 2006;27:42-8.

321

Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, et al. Effects of ranolazine on recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297:1775-83.

322

Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Chaitman BR, et al. Evaluation of the glycometabolic effects of ranolazine in patients with and without diabetes mellitus in the MERLIN-TIMI 36 randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2009;119:2032-9.

323

Wilson SR, Scirica BM, Braunwald E, et al. Efficacy of ranolazine in patients with chronic angina observations from the randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled MERLIN-TIMI (Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes) 36 Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1510-6.

324

Kosiborod M, Arnold SV, Spertus JA, et al. Evaluation of Ranolazine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Stable Angina. Results from the TERISA randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61 (20):2038-45

325

Noman A, Ang DS, Ogston S, et al. Effect of high-dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet 2010;375:2161-7.

326

Opie LH. Allopurinol for heart failure: novel mechanisms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:809-812.

327

Wagner F, Gohlke-Barwolf C, Trenk D, et al. Differences in the antiischaemic effects of molsidomine and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) during acute and short-term administration in stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 1991;12:994-9.

328

Ho JE, Bittner V, Demicco DA, et al. Usefulness of heart rate at rest as a predictor of mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke in patients with stable coronary heart disease (Data from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] trial). Am J Cardiol 2010;105:905-11.

329

Kolloch R, Legler UF, Champion A, et al. Impact of resting heart rate on outcomes in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease: findings from the INternational VErapamil-SR/trandolapril STudy (INVEST). Eur Heart J 2008;29:1327-34.

330

Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, et al. Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and leftventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:817-21.

331

Opie LH, Horowitz JD. Nitrates and newer anti-anginals. In. Drugs for the Heart. 8th ed: Elsevier, 2012.

332

Short PM, Lipworth SI, Elder DH, et al. Effect of beta blockers in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2011;342: d2549.

333

Davies RF, Habibi H, Klinke WP, et al. Effect of amlodipine, atenolol and their combination on myocardial ischemia during treadmill exercise and ambulatory monitoring. Canadian Amlodipine/Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:619-25.

334

Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy: I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ 1994; 308:81-106.

335

Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.

336

Juul-Moller S, Edvardsson N, Jahnmatz B, et al. Doubleblind trial of aspirin in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in patients with stable chronic angina pectoris. The Swedish Angina Pectoris Aspirin Trial (SAPAT) Group. Lancet 1992;340:1421-5.

337

Arandomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.

338

Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, et al. Randomized double-blind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: theONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation 2009;120:2577-85.

339

Jernberg T, Payne CD, Winters KJ, et al. Prasugrel achieves greater inhibition of platelet aggregation and a lower rate of non-responders compared with clopidogrel in aspirin- treated patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1166-73.

340

Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Eng J Med 2007;357:2001-15.

341

Cannon CP, Harrington RA, James S, et al. Comparison of ticagrelor with clopidogrel in patients with a planned invasive strategy for acute coronary syndromes (PLATO): a randomized double-blind study. Lancet 2010;375:283-93.

342

Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KA, et al. Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel for Acute Coronary Syndromes without Revascularization. N Eng J Med 2012; 367 (14):1297-309.

343

Morrow DA, Braunwald E, Bonaca MP, et al. Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Eng J Med 2012;366:1404-13.

344

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Eng J Med 2001;345:494-502.

345

Bhatt DL, Fox KA, HackeW, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Eng J Med 2006;354:1706-17.

346

Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, et al. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1982-88.

347

Scirica BM, Bonaca MP, Braunwald E, et al. Investigators TRAdP-TSC. Vorapaxar for secondary prevention of thrombotic events for patients with previous myocardial infarction: a prespecified subgroup analysis of the TRA 2 degrees P-TIMI 50 trial. Lancet 2012;380:1317-24.

348

Mega JL, Simon T, Collet JP, et al. Reduced-function CYP2C19 genotype and risk of adverse clinical outcomes among patients treated with clopidogrel predominantly for PCI: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2010;304:1821-30.

349

Collet JP, Cuisset T, Range G, et al. Bedside monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy for coronary stenting. N Eng J Med 2012;367:2100-9.

350

Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVDInvestigators.NEng J Med 1991;325:293-302.

351

Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Eng J Med 1992;327:669-77.

352

Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L, et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Lancet 2000;355:1575-81.

353

Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Eng J Med 2000;342:145-53.

354

Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362:782-8.

355

Dagenais GR, Pogue J, Fox K, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in stable vascular disease without left ventricular systolic dysfunction or heart failure: a combined analysis of three trials. Lancet 2006;368:581-8.

356

Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:829-40.

357

Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med 2004;351:2058-68.

358

Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906.

359

Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Eng J Med 2008;359:2417-28.

360

Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Eng J Med 2008;358:1547-1559.

361

Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (theONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:547-53.

362

Pitt B, RemmeW, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 2003;348:1309-21.

363

Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. JAMA 2001;286:954-9.

364

Bresalier RS, Sandler RS, Quan H, et al. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Eng J Med 2005;352:1092-102.

365

Solomon SD, McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA, et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Eng J Med 2005;352:1071-80.

366

Sueda S, Kohno H, Fukuda H, et al. Limitations of medical therapy in patients with pure coronary spastic angina. Chest 2003;123:380-6.

367

Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy: III: Reduction in venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism by antiplatelet prophylaxis among surgical and medical patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ 1994;308:235-46.

368

Cannon RO 3rd, Watson RM, Rosing DR, Epstein SE. Efficacy of calcium channel blocker therapy for angina pectoris resulting from small-vessel coronary artery disease and abnormal vasodilator reserve. Am J Cardiol 1985;56:242-6.

369

Chen JW, Lee WL, HsuNW, et al. Effects of shortterm treatment of nicorandil on exercise- induced myocardial ischemia and abnormal cardiacautonomic activity in microvascular angina.AmJ Cardiol 1997;80:32-8.

370

Albertsson PA, Emanuelsson H, Milsom I. Beneficial effect of treatment with transdermal estradiol-17-beta on exercise-induced angina and STsegment depression in syndrome X. Int J Cardiol 1996;54:13-20.

371

Fabian E, Varga A, Picano E, et al. Effect of simvastatin on endothelial function in cardiac syndromeXpatients.AmJ Cardiol 2004;94:652-5.

372

Lanza GA, Colonna G, Pasceri V, Maseri A. Atenolol versus amlodipine versus isosorbide- 5-mononitrate on anginal symptoms in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:854-6, A8.

373

Emdin M, Picano E, Lattanzi F, LAbbate A. Improved exercise capacity with acute aminophylline administration in patients with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;14:1450-3.

374

Cannon RO 3rd, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms.NEng JMed1994;330:1411-7.

375

Sgueglia GA, Sestito A, Spinelli A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with cardiac syndrome X treated by spinal cord stimulation. Heart 2007;93:591-7.

376

Yasue H, Takizawa A, Nagao M, et al. Long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors. Circulation 1988;78:1-9.

377

Frenneaux M, Kaski JC, Brown M, Maseri A. Refractory variant angina relieved by guanethidine and clonidine. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:832-3.

378

Gaspardone A, Tomai F, Versaci F, et al. Coronary artery stent placement in patients with variant angina refractory to medical treatment. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:96-8, A8.

379

Abbate A, Hamza M, Cassano AD, et al. Sympathectomy as a treatment for refractory coronary artery spasm. Int J Cardiol 2012;161 (1): e7-9.

380

Montalescot G, White HD, Gallo R, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in elective percutaneous coronary intervention. N Eng J Med 2006;355:1006-17.

381

Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA 2003;289:853-63.

382

Singh M, Gersh BJ, Lennon RJ, et al. Outcomes of a system-wide protocol for elective and nonelective coronary angioplasty at sites without on-site surgery: the Mayo Clinic experience. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:501-8.

383

Stettler C, Wandel S, Allemann S, et al. Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare- metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;370:937-48.

384

Schomig A, Dibra A, Windecker S, et al. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials of sirolimus-eluting stents versus paclitaxel-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1373-80.

385

Sarno G, Lagerqvist B, Frobert O, et al. Lower risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis with unrestricted use of 'new-generation' drug-eluting stents: a report from the nationwide Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR). Eur Heart J 2012;33:606-13.

386

Bellemain-Appaix A, O'Connor SA, Silvain J, et al. Association of clopidogrel pretreatment with mortality, cardiovascular events, and major bleeding among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2012;308:2507-16.

387

Widimsky P, Motovska Z, Kala SS, et al. Clopidogrel pre-treatment in stable angina: for all patients.6 h before elective coronary angiography or only for angiographically selected patients a few minutes before PCI? A randomized multicentre trial PRAGUE-8. Eur Heart J

388

;29:1495-503.

389

Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT 3rd, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2411-20.

390

Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA 2005;293:2126-30.

391

Eisenberg MJ, Richard PR, Libersan D, Filion KB. Safety of short-term discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with drug-eluting stents. Circulation 2009;119:1634-42.

392

Stefanini GG, Kalesan B, Serruys PW, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of biodegradable polymer biolimus-eluting stents versus durable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease (LEADERS): 4 year follow-up of a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2011;378:1940-8.

393

Baber U, Mehran R, Sharma SK, et al. Impact of the everolimus-eluting stent on stent thrombosis: a meta-analysis of 13 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:1569-77.

394

Airoldi F, Colombo A, Morici N, et al. Incidence and predictors of drug-eluting stent thrombosis during and after discontinuation of thienopyridine treatment. Circulation 2007;116:745-54.

395

Schulz S, Schuster T, Mehilli J, et al. Stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation: incidence, timing, and relation to discontinuation of clopidogrel therapy over a 4-year period. Eur Heart J 2009;30:2714-21.

396

Valgimigli M, Campo G, Monti M, et al. Shortversus long-term duration of dual- antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting: a randomized multicenter trial. Circulation 2012;125:2015-26.

397

GwonHC, Hahn JY Park KW, et al. Sixmonth versus 12-month dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug-eluting stents: the Efficacy of Xience/Promus Versus Cypher to Reduce Late Loss After Stenting (EXCELLENT) randomized, multicenter study. Circulation 2012;125:505-13.

398

Dewilde WJ, Oirbans T, Verheugt FW et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2013;381:1107-15.

399

Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS, et al. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial. JAMA 2011;305:1097-105.

400

Pijls NH, Fearon WF, Tonino PA, et al. Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease: 2-year follow-up of the FAME (Fractional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:177-84.

401

de Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Kalesan B, et al. Fractional flow reserve-guided PCI versus medical therapy in stable coronary disease. N Eng J Med 2012;367:991-1001.

402

Hamilos M, Muller O, Cuisset T, et al. Long-term clinical outcome after fractional flow reserve-guided treatment in patients with angiographically equivocal left main coronary artery stenosis. Circulation 2009;120:1505-12.

403

Ntalianis A, Sels JW, Davidavicius G, et al. Fractional flow reserve for the assessment of nonculprit coronary artery stenoses in patients with acute myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3:1274-81.

404

Jasti V, Ivan E, Yalamanchili V, et al. Correlations between fractional flow reserve and intravascular ultrasound in patients with an ambiguous left main coronary artery stenosis. Circulation 2004;110:2831-36.

405

Barlis P, Schmitt JM. Current and future developments in intracoronary optical coherence tomography imaging. EuroIntervention 2009;4:529-33.

406

Pijls NH, van Schaardenburgh P, Manoharan G, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention of functionally nonsignificant stenosis: 5-year follow-up of the DEFER Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:2105-11.

407

Prati F, Regar E, Mintz GS, et al. Expert review document on methodology, terminology, and clinical applications of optical coherence tomography: physical principles, methodology of image acquisition, and clinical application for assessment of coronary arteries and atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2010;31:401-15.

408

Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, et al. Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. N Eng J Med 1986;314:1-6.

409

Endo M, Nishida H, TomizawaY Kasanuki H. Benefit of bilateral over single internal mammary artery grafts for multiple coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 2001;104:2164-70.

410

Dion R, Glineur D, Derouck D, et al. Long-term clinical and angiographic follow-up of sequential internal thoracic artery grafting. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000;17:407-14.

411

Taggart DP, D'Amico R, Altman DG. Effect of arterial revascularisation on survival: a systematic review of studies comparing bilateral and single internal mammary arteries. Lancet 2001;358:870-5.

412

Grau JB, Ferrari G, Mak AW, et al. Propensity matched analysis of bilateral internal mammary artery versus single left internal mammary artery grafting at 17-year follow-up: validation of a contemporary surgical experience. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012;41:770- 775; discussion 776.

413

Kurlansky PA, Traad EA, Dorman MJ, et al. Thirty-year follow-up defines survival benefit for second internal mammary artery in propensity-matched groups. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;90:101-8.

414

Taggart DP, Altman DG, Gray AM, et al. Randomized trial to compare bilateral vs. single internal mammary coronary artery bypass grafting: 1-year results of the Arterial Revascularisation Trial (ART). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2470-81.

415

AthanasiouT, Saso S, Rao C, et al. Radial artery versus saphenous vein conduits for coronary artery bypass surgery: forty years of competition: which conduit offers better patency? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2011;40:208-20.

416

Benedetto U, Angeloni E, Refice S, Sinatra R. Radial artery versus saphenous vein graft patency: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:229-31.

417

Collins P, Webb CM, Chong CF, Moat NE. Radial artery versus saphenous vein patency randomized trial: five-year angiographic follow-up. Circulation 2008;117:2859-64.

418

Deb S, Cohen EA, Singh SK, et al. Radial artery and saphenous vein patency more than 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery: results from RAPS (Radial Artery Patency Study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:28-35.

419

Takagi H, Tanabashi T, Kawai N, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass sacrifices graft patency: meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133: e2-e3.

420

Shroyer AL, Grover FL, Hattler B, et al. On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Eng J Med 2009;361:1827-37.

421

Buffolo E, Andrade JC, Succi JE, et al. Direct revascularization of the myocardium without extracorporeal circulation. Description of the technic and preliminary results. Arq Bras Cardiol 1982;38:365-73.

422

Lamy A, Devereaux PJ, Prabhakaran D, et al. Off-pump or on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting at 30 days. N Eng J Med 2012;366:1489-97.

423

AfilaloJ, Rasti M, Ohayon SM, et al. Off-pump vs. on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: an updated meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2012;33:1257-67.

424

Hannan EL, Wu C, Smith CR, et al. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: differences in short-term outcomes and in long-termmortality and need for subsequent revascularization. Circulation 2007;116:1145-52.

425

Puskas JD, Thourani VH, Kilgo P, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass disproportionately benefits high-risk patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2009;88:1142-7.

426

Kuss O, von Salviati B, Borgermann J. Off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis of propensity score analyses. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:829-835; 835 e1-e13.

427

Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, et al. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. N Engl J Med 2012;367:2375-84.

428

Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med

429

;360:961-72.

430

Serruys PW, Onuma Y Garg S, et al. Assessment of the SYNTAX score in the Syntax study. EuroIntervention 2009;5:50-6.

431

Bonow RO, Maurer G, Lee KL, et al. Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction.NEng J Med 2011;364:1617-25.

432

Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Eng J Med 2011;364:1607-16.

433

Erne P, Schoenenberger AW, Burckhardt D, et al. Effects of percutaneous coronary interventions in silent ischemia after myocardial infarction: the SWISSI II randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:1985-991.

434

Madsen JK, Grande P, Saunamaki K, et al. Danish multicenter randomized study of invasive versus conservative treatment in patients with inducible ischemia after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (DANAMI).DANish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 1997;96:748-55.

435

Madsen JK, Nielsen TT, Grande P, et al. Revascularization compared to medical treatment in patients with silent vs. symptomatic residual ischemia after thrombolyzed myocardial infarction: the DANAMI study. Cardiology 2007;108:243-51.

436

Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, et al. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 2006;355:2395-407.

437

Yousef ZR, Redwood SR, Bucknall CA, et al. Late intervention after anterior myocardial infarction: effects on left ventricular size, function, quality of life, and exercise tolerance: results of the Open Artery Trial (TOAT Study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:869-76.

438

Steg PG, Thuaire C, Himbert D, et al. DECOPI (DEsobstruction COronaire en Post- Infarctus): a randomized multi-centre trial of occluded artery angioplasty after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2004;25:2187-94.

439

The TIMI Study Group. Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II trial. N Engl J Med 1989;320:618-27.

440

SWIFTtrial of delayed elective intervention v conservative treatment after thrombolysis with anistreplase in acute myocardial infarction. SWIFT (Should We Intervene Following Thrombolysis?) Trial Study Group. BMJ 1991;302:555-60.

441

Barbash GI, Roth A, Hod H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of late in-hospital angiography and angioplasty versus conservative management after treatment with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:538-45.

442

Verheugt FW. Lyse now, stent later: the grace of GRACIA. Lancet 2004;364:1014-1015.

443

Collet JP, Montalescot G, Le May M, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis: a multiple meta-analyses approach according to the type of strategy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:1326-35.

444

Pfisterer ME, Zellweger MJ, Gersh BJ. Management of stable coronary artery disease. Lancet 2010;375:763-72.

445

Cassar A, HolmesDRJr., Rihal CS, Gersh BJ. Chronic coronary artery disease: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc 2009;84:1130-46.

446

Kaiser GC, Davis KB, Fisher LD, et al. Survival following coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with severe angina pectoris (CASS). An observational study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985;89:513-24.

447

Yusuf S, Zucker D, Chalmers TC. Ten-year results of the randomized control trials of coronary artery bypass graft surgery: tabular data compiled by the collaborative effort of the original trial investigators. Part 1 of 2. Online J Curr Clin Trials 1994; Doc No 145.

448

Jones RH, Kesler K, Phillips HR 3rd, et al. Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:1013-125.

449

Rihal CS, Raco DL, Gersh BJ, Yusuf S. Indications for coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic stable angina: review of the evidence and methodological considerations. Circulation 2003;108:2439-45.

450

Vlietstra RE, Assad-Morell JL, Frye RL, et al. Survival predictors in coronary artery disease. Medical and surgical comparisons. Mayo Clin Proc 1977;52:85-90.

451

Alderman EL, Fisher LD, Litwin P, et al. Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS). Circulation 1983;68:785-95.

452

O'Connor CM, Velazquez EJ, Gardner LH, et al. Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy on long-term outcome in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (a 25-year experience from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Databank). Am J Cardiol 2002;90:101-7.

453

Tarakji KG, Brunken R, McCarthy PM, et al. Myocardial viability testing and the effect of early intervention in patients with advanced left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation 2006;113:230-7.

454

TsuyukiRT, Shrive FM, Galbraith PD, et al. Revascularization in patients with heart failure. CMAJ 2006;175:361-5.

455

Passamani E, Davis KB, Gillespie MJ, Killip T. A randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery. Survival of patients with a low ejection fraction. N Eng J Med 1985; 312:1665-71.

456

Dzavik V, GhaliWA, Norris C, et al. Long-term survival in 11,661 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in the era of stenting: a report from the Alberta Provincial Project forOutcome Assessment inCoronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) Investigators. Am Heart J 2001;142:119-26.

457

Jones EL, Weintraub WS. The importance of completeness of revascularization during long-term follow-up after coronary artery operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:227-37.

458

Myers WO, Schaff HV, Gersh BJ, et al. Improved survival of surgically treated patients with triple vessel coronary artery disease and severe angina pectoris. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;97:487- 95.

459

Smith PK, Califf RM, Tuttle RH, et al. Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1420-8; discussion 1428-9.

460

Varnauskas E. Twelve-year follow-up of survival in the randomized European Coronary Surgery Study. N Eng J Med 1988;319:332-7.

461

Hueb W, Lopes N, Gersh BJ, et al. Ten-year follow-up survival of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation 2010;122:949-57.

462

Myers WO, Gersh BJ, Fisher LD, et al. Medical versus early surgical therapy in patients with triplevessel disease and mild angina pectoris: a CASS registry study of survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1987;44:471-86.

463

Davies RF, Goldberg AD, Forman S, et al. Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study two-year follow-up: outcomes of patients randomized to initial strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization. Circulation 1997;95:2037-43.

464

Di Carli MF, Maddahi J, Rokhsar S, et al. Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:997-1004.

465

Sorajja P, Chareonthaitawee P, Rajagopalan N et al. Improved survival in asymptomatic diabetic patients with high-risk SPECT imaging treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 2005; 112: I311-6.

466

Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Bravata DM, et al. Coronary artery bypass surgery compared with percutaneous coronary interventions for multivessel disease: a collaborative analysis of individual patient data from ten randomised trials. Lancet 2009;373:1190-7.

467

Shaw LJ, Weintraub WS, Maron DJ, et al. Baseline stress myocardial perfusion imaging results and outcomes in patients with stable ischemic heart disease randomized to optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 2012;164:243-50.

468

Takaro T, Hultgren HN, Lipton MJ, Detre KM. The VA cooperative randomized study of surgery for coronary arterial occlusive disease II. Subgroup with significant left main lesions. Circulation 1976;54: III107-17.

469

Takaro T, Hultgren HN, Detre KM, Peduzzi P. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study of stable angina: current status. Circulation 1982;65:60-7.

470

Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet 1994;344:563-70.

471

Taylor HA, Deumite NJ, Chaitman BR, et al. Asymptomatic left main coronary artery disease in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. Circulation 1989;79:1171-9.

472

Caracciolo EA, Davis KB, Sopko G, et al. Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main equivalent coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience. Circulation 1995;91:2335-44.

473

Patel MR, Dehmer GJ, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACCF/SCAI/STS/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/SCCT 2012 Appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization focused update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:857-81.

474

Parisi AF, Folland ED, Hartigan P. Acomparison of angioplasty with medical therapy in the treatment of single-vessel coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs ACME Investigators. N Eng J Med 1992;326:10-16.

475

Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, et al. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N Eng J Med 1999;341:70-6.

476

Coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy for angina: the second Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA-2) trial. RITA-2 trial participants. Lancet 1997;350:461-8.

477

Trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary-artery disease (TIME): a randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358:951-7.

478

Pfisterer M. Long-term outcome in elderly patients with chronic angina managed invasively versus by optimized medical therapy: four-year follow-up of the randomized Trial of Invasive versus Medical therapy in Elderly patients (TIME). Circulation 2004;110:1213-8.

479

Nishigaki K, Yamazaki T, Kitabatake A, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention plus medical therapy reduces the incidence of acute coronary syndrome more effectively

480

than initial medical therapy only among patients with low-risk coronary artery disease a randomized, comparative, multicenter study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1:469-79.

481

Dagenais GR, Lu J, Faxon DP, et al. Effects of optimal medical treatment with or without coronary revascularization on angina and subsequent revascularizations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and stable ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2011;123:1492-500.

482

Hueb W, Lopes NH, Gersh BJ, et al. Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease. Circulation 2007;115:1082-9.

483

Bugiardini R, Bairey Merz CN. Angina with "normal" coronary arteries: a changing philosophy. JAMA 2005;293:477-84.

484

Taggart DP, Boyle R, de Belder MA, Fox KA. The 2010 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularisation. Heart 2011;97:445-6.

485

Kolh P, Wijns W, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;38 Suppl: S1-S52.

486

Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Mack MJ, et al. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial. Eur Heart J 2011;32:2125-34.

487

Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet 2013;381:629-38.

488

Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, et al. Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N Eng J Med 2005;352:2174-83.

489

Malenka DJ, Leavitt BJ, Hearne MJ, et al. Comparing long-term survival of patients with multivessel coronary disease after CABG or PCI: analysis of BARI-like patients in northern New England. Circulation 2005;112: I371-6.

490

WuC, Zhao S, Wechsler AS, et al. Long-term mortality of coronary artery bypass grafting and bare-metal stenting. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;92:2132-8.

491

Weintraub WS, Grau-Sepulveda MV, Weiss JM, et al. Comparative effectiveness of revascularization strategies.N Eng J Med 2012;366:1467-76.

492

Park SJ, Kim YH, Park DW, et al. Randomized trial of stents versus bypass surgery for left main coronary artery disease. N Eng J Med 2011;364:1718-27.

493

TaggartDP. ThomasB. Ferguson Lecture. Coronary artery bypass grafting is still the best treatment for multivessel and left main disease, but patients need to know. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1966-1975.

494

Farooq V, van Klaveren D, Steyerberg EW, et al. Anatomical and clinical characteristics to guide decision making between coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention for individual patients: development and validation of SYNTAX score II. Lancet 2013;381:639-50.

495

Chan PS, Patel MR, Klein LW, et al. Appropriateness of percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2011;306:53-61.

496

Allender S, Scarborough P, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S. Patterns of coronary heart disease mortality over the 20th century in England and Wales: Possible plateaus in the rate of decline. BMC Public Health 2008;8:148.

497

Maas AH, van der Schouw YT, Regitz-Zagrosek V, et al. Red alert for women's heart: the urgent need for more research and knowledge on cardiovascular disease in women: proceedings of the workshop held in Brussels on gender differences in cardiovascular disease, 29 September 2010. Eur Heart J 2011;32:1362-8.

498

Hemingway H, Langenberg C, Damant J, et al. Prevalence of angina in women versus men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international variations across 31 countries. Circulation 2008;117:1526-36.

499

Jacobs AK, Kelsey SF, Brooks MM, et al. Better outcome for women compared with men undergoing coronary revascularization: a report from the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI). Circulation 1998;98:1279-85.

500

Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al. Impact of optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention on long-term cardiovascular end points in

501

patients with stable coronary artery disease (from the COURAGE Trial). Am J Cardiol 2009;104:1-4.

502

Bugiardini R, Pozzati A, Ottani F, et al. Vasotonic angina: a spectrum of ischemic syndromes involving functional abnormalities of the epicardial and microvascular coronary circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:417-25.

503

Khuddus MA, Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, et al. An intravascular ultrasound analysis in women experiencing chest pain in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease: a substudy from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). J Interv Cardiol 2010;23:511-9.

504

505

Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58: e123-e210.

506

Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011.

507

Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009; 373:1849-60.

508

Schomig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, et al. Arandomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Eng J Med 1996;334:1084-9.

509

Pfisterer M, Kaiser C, Jeger R. No one-size-fits-all: A tailored approach to antithrombotic therapy after stent implantation. Circulation 2012;125:471-3.

510

Goldman S, Zadina K, Moritz T, et al. Long-term patency of saphenous vein and left internal mammary artery grafts after coronary artery bypass surgery: results from a Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:2149-56.

511

Fitzgibbon GM, Kafka HP, Leach AJ, et al. Coronary bypass graft fate and patient outcome: angiographic follow-up of 5,065 grafts related to survival and reoperation in 1,388 patients during 25 years. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:616-26.

512

Riley RF, DonCW, PowellW, et al. Trends in coronary revascularization in the United States from 2001 to 2009: recent declines in percutaneous coronary intervention volumes. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2011;4:193-7.

513

Arora RR, Chou TM, Jain D, et al. The multicenter study of enhanced external counterpulsation (MUST-EECP): effect of EECP on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and anginal episodes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1833-40.

514

Warshafsky S, Packard D, Marks SJ, et al. Efficacy of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors for prevention of stroke. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:763- 74.

515

Andrell P, YuW, Gersbach P, et al. Long-term effects of spinal cord stimulation on angina symptoms and quality of life in patients with refractory angina pectoris: results from the European Angina Registry Link Study (EARL). Heart 2010;96:1132-6.

516

Taylor RS, De Vries J, Buchser E, Dejongste MJ. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of refractory angina: systematic reviewand meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2009;9:13.

517

Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, et al. Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:807-16.

518

Frishman WH. Recent advances in cardiovascular pharmacology. Heart Dis 1999;1:68-90.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.